Abstract
Imbalances in metal homeostasis have been implicated in the progression and drug response of cancer cells. Understanding these changes will enable identification of new treatment regimes and precision medicine approaches to cancer treatment. In particular, there has been considerable interest in the interplay between copper homeostasis and response to platinum-based chemotherapeutic agents. Here, we have studied differences in the Cu uptake and distributions in the ovarian cancer cell line, A2780, and its cisplatin resistant form, A2780.CisR, by measuring total Cu content and the bioavailable Cu pool. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) revealed a lower total Cu uptake in A2780.CisR compared to A2780 cells. Conversely, live-cell confocal microscopy studies with the ratiometric Cu(I)-sensitive fluorescent dye, InCCu1, revealed higher relative cellular content of labile Cu in A2780.CisR cells compared with A2780 cells. These results demonstrate that Cu trafficking, homeostasis and speciation are different in the Pt-sensitive and resistant cells and may be associated with the predominance of different phenotypes for A2780 (epithelial) and A2780.CisR (mesenchymal) cells.
Graphical abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Original data for this article are available on request from aviva.levina@sydney.edu.au.
References
Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, Bray F (2021) Global cancer statistics 2020: Globocan estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 71(3):209–249. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660
Brozovic A (2016) The relationship between platinum drug resistance and epithelial–mesenchymal transition. Arch Toxicol 91(2):605–619. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-016-1912-7
Wang D, Lippard SJ (2005) Cellular processing of platinum anticancer drugs. Nat Rev Drug Discov 4:307–320. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd1691
Liu Y, Han S, Li Y, Liu Y, Zhang D, Li Y, Zhang J (2017) MicroRNA-20A contributes to cisplatin-resistance and migration of OVCAR3 ovarian cancer cell line. Oncol Lett 14(2):1780–1786. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.6348
Aldossary SA (2019) Review on pharmacology of cisplatin: clinical use, toxicity and mechanism of resistance of cisplatin. Biomed Pharmacol J 12(1):07–15. https://doi.org/10.13005/bpj/1608
Denoyer D, Masaldan S, La Fontaine S, Cater MA (2015) Targeting copper in cancer therapy: ‘copper that cancer. Metallomics 7(11):1459–1476. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5mt00149h
Bompiani KM, Tsai C-Y, Achatz FP, Liebig JK, Howell SB (2016) Copper transporters and chaperones CTR1, CTR2, ATOX1, and CCS as determinants of cisplatin sensitivity. Metallomics 8(9):951–962. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6mt00076b
Akerfeldt MC, Tran CM-N, Shen C, Hambley TW, New EJ (2017) Interactions of cisplatin and the copper transporter CTR1 in human colon cancer cells. J Biol Inorg Chem 22(5):765–774. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00775-017-1467-y
Kratz F (2008) Albumin as a drug carrier: design of prodrugs, drug conjugates and nanoparticles. J Control Release 132(3):171–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.05.010
Kirsipuu T, Zadorožnaja A, Smirnova J, Friedemann M, Plitz T, Tõugu V, Palumaa P (2020) Copper(II)-binding equilibria in human blood. Sci Rep 10(1):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-62560-4
Eid C, Hémadi M, Ha-Duong N.-T, El Hage Chahine J.-M (2014) Iron uptake and transfer from ceruloplasmin to transferrin. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) General Subjects 1840(6):771–1781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.01.011
Chen J, Jiang Y, Shi H, Peng Y, Fan X, Li C (2020) The molecular mechanisms of copper metabolism and its roles in human diseases. Pflügers Arch Eur J Physiol 472(10):1415–1429. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-020-02412-2
Li Y-Q, Yin J-Y, Liu Z-Q, Li X-P (2018) Copper efflux transporters ATP7A and ATP7B: novel biomarkers for platinum drug resistance and targets for therapy. IUBMB Life 70(3):183–191. https://doi.org/10.1002/iub.1722
Ariöz C, Wittung-Stafshede P (2018) Folding of copper proteins: role of the metal? Q Rev Biophys 51:E4. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033583518000021
Tapiero H, Townsend DM, Tew KD (2003) Trace elements in human physiology and pathology. Copper Biomed Pharmacother 57(9):386–398
Gupta A, Lutsenko S (2009) Human copper transporters: mechanism, role in human diseases and therapeutic potential. Future Med Chem 1(6):1125–1142. https://doi.org/10.4155/fmc.09.84.Human
Dmitriev OY (2011) Mechanism of tumor resistance to cisplatin mediated by the copper transporter ATP7B. Biochem Cell Biol 89(2):138–147. https://doi.org/10.1139/O10-150
Ishida S, McCormick F, Smith-McCune K, Hanahan D (2010) Enhancing tumor-specific uptake of the anticancer drug cisplatin with a copper chelator. Cancer Cell 17(6):574–583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2010.04.011
Harrach S, Ciarimboli G (2015) Role of transporters in the distribution of platinum-based drugs. Front Pharmacol 24(6):85. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2015.00085
New EJ (2013) Tools to study distinct metal pools in biology. Dalton Trans 42(9):3210–3219. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2dt31933k
Rae TD, Schmidt PJ, Pufahl RA, Culotta VC, O’Halloran TV (1999) Undetectable intracellular free copper: the requirement of a copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase. Science 284(5415):805–808. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.284.5415.805
Carter KP, Young AM, Palmer AE (2014) Fluorescent sensors for measuring metal ions in living systems. Chem Rev 114(8):4564–4601. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr400546e
Cotruvo JA Jr, Aron AT, Ramos-Torres KM, Chang CJ (2015) Synthetic fluorescent probes for studying copper in biological systems. Chem Soc Rev 44(13):4400–4414. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4cs00346b
Fahrni CJ (2013) Synthetic fluorescent probes for monovalent copper. Curr Opin Chem Biol 17(4):656–662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.05.019
Shen C, Kolanowski JL, Tran CM-N, Kaur A, Akerfeldt MC, Rahme MS, Hambley TW, New EJ (2016) A ratiometric fluorescent sensor for the mitochondrial copper pool. Metallomics 8(9):915–919. https://doi.org/10.1039/x0xx00000x
Park S-H, Kwon N, Lee J-H, Yoon J, Shin I (2020) Synthetic ratiometric fluorescent probes for detection of ions. Chem Soc Rev 49(1):143–179. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9cs00243j
Comsa E, Nguyen K-A, Loghin F, Boumendjel A, Peuchmaur M, Andrieu T, Falson P (2018) Ovarian cancer cells cisplatin sensitization agents selected by mass cytometry target ABCC2 inhibition. Future Med Chem 10(11):1349–1360. https://doi.org/10.4155/fmc-2017-0308
Katano K, Kondo A, Safaei R, Holzer A, Samimi G, Mishima M, Kuo Y, Rochdi M, Howell SB (2002) Acquisition of resistance to cisplatin is accompanied by changes in the cellular pharmacology of copper. Can Res 62(22):6559–6565
Schuldes H, Bade S, Knobloch J, Jonas D (1997) Loss of in vitro cytotoxicity of cisplatin after storage as stock solution in cell culture medium at various temperatures. Cancer 79(9):1723–1728. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19970501)79:9%3c1723::AID-CNCR13%3e3.0.CO;2-%23
Han SB, Shin YJ, Hyon JY, Wee WR (2011) Cytotoxicity of voriconazole on cultured human corneal endothelial cells. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 55(10):4519–4523. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00569-11
Cai L, Qin X, Xu Z, Song Y, Jiang H, Wu Y, Ruan H, Chen J (2019) Comparison of cytotoxicity evaluation of anticancer drugs between real-time cell analysis and CCK-8 Method. ACS Omega 4(7):12036–12042. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b01142
Levina A, Crans DC, Lay PA (2017) Speciation of metal drugs, supplements and toxins in media and bodily fluids controls in vitro activities. Coord Chem Rev 352:473–498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2017.01.002
Levina A, Lay PA (2020) Vanadium(V/IV)–transferrin binding disrupts the transferrin cycle and reduces vanadium uptake and antiproliferative activity in human lung cancer cells. Inorg Chem 59(22):16143–16153. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00926
Levina A, Pham TH, Lay PA (2016) Binding of chromium(III) to transferrin could be involved in detoxification of dietary chromium(III) rather than transport of an essential trace element. Angew Chem 128(28):8236–8239. https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201602996
Bradford MM (1976) A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem 72(1–2):248–254
Fanglian H (2011) Bradford protein assay. Bio-Protoc 1(6):e45. https://doi.org/10.21769/BioProtoc.e45
Shen C (2017) Fluorescent strategies to study the labile copper pool. PhD Thesis, The University of Sydney
Kamlund S, Janicke B, Alm K, Judson-Torres RL, Oredsson S (2020) Quantifying the rate, degree, and heterogeneity of morphological change during an epithelial to mesenchymal transition using digital holographic cytometry. Appl Sci 10(14):4726. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10144726
Haslehurst AM, Koti M, Dharsee M, Nuin P, Evans K, Geraci J, Childs T, Chen J, Li J, Weberpals J, Davey S, Squire J, Park PC, Feilotter H (2012) EMT transcription factors snail and slug directly contribute to cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer. BMC Cancer 12(1):91. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2407-12-91
Ma S, Tan W, Du B, Liu W, Li W, Che D, Zhang G (2016) Oridonin effectively reverses cisplatin drug resistance in human ovarian cancer cells via induction of cell apoptosis and inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase expression. Mol Med Rep 13(4):3342–3348. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2016.4897
Sarwar S, Alamro AA, Alghamdi AA, Naeem K, Ullah S, Arif M, Yu JQ, Huq F (2021) Enhanced accumulation of cisplatin in ovarian cancer cells from combination with wedelolactone and resulting inhibition of multiple epigenetic drivers. Drug Des Dev Ther 15:2211–2227. https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S288707
Corte Rodríguez M, Álvarez-Fernández García R, Blanco E, Bettmer J, Montes-Bayón M (2017) Quantitative evaluation of cisplatin uptake in sensitive and resistant individual cells by single-cell ICP-MS (SC-ICP-MS). Anal Chem 89(21):11491–11497. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02746
Lee RF, Riedel T, Escrig S, Maclachlan C, Knott GW, Davey CA, Johnsson K, Meibom A, Dyson PJ (2017) Differences in cisplatin distribution in sensitive and resistant ovarian cancer cells: a TEM/NanoSIMS study. Metallomics 9(10):1413–1420. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7mt00153c
Safaei R, Holzer AK, Katano K, Samimi G, Howell SB (2004) The role of copper transporters in the development of resistance to Pt drugs. J Inorg Biochem 98(10):1607–1613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2004.05.006
Samimi G, Safaei R, Katano K, Holzer AK, Rochdi M, Tomioka M, Goodman M, Howell SB (2004) Increased expression of the copper efflux transporter ATP7A mediates resistance to cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin in ovarian cancer cells. Clin Cancer Res 10(14):4661–4669. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-0137
Guttmann S, Chandhok G, Groba SR, Niemietz C, Sauer V, Gomes A, Ciarimboli G, Karst U, Zibert A, Schmidt HH (2017) Organic cation transporter 3 mediates cisplatin and copper cross-resistance in Hepatoma cells. Oncotarget 9(1):743–754. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.23142
Safaei R, Katano K, Samimi G, Naerdemann W, Stevenson JL, Rochdi M, Howell SB (2004) Cross-resistance to cisplatin in cells with acquired resistance to copper. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 53(3):239–246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00280-003-0736-3
Lin X, Okuda T, Holzer A, Howell SB (2002) The copper transporter ctr1 regulates cisplatin uptake in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Pharmacol 62(5):1154–1159. https://doi.org/10.1124/mol.62.5.1154
Safaei R, Howell SB (2006) Regulation of the cellular pharmacology and cytotoxicity of cisplatin by copper transporters. Cancer Drug Discov Dev. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-035-5_17
Mishima M, Samimi G, Kondo A, Lin X, Howell SB (2002) The cellular pharmacology of oxaliplatin resistance. Eur J Cancer 38(10):1405–1412. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-8049(02)00096-5
Aqil F, Jeyabalan J, Agrawal AK, Kyakulaga A-H, Munagala R, Parker L, Gupta RC (2017) Exosomal delivery of berry anthocyanidins for the management of ovarian cancer. Food Funct 8(11):4100–4107. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7fo00882a
De A, De A, Sharma R, Suo W, Sharma M (2020) Sensitization of carboplatinum- and taxol-resistant high-grade serous ovarian cancer cells carrying p53, BRCA1/2 mutations by Emblica officinalis (AMLA) via multiple targets. J Cancer 11(7):1927–1939. https://doi.org/10.7150/jca.36919
Witting PK, Harris HH, Rayner BS, Aitken JB, Dillon CT, Stocker R, Lai B, Cai Z, Lay PA (2006) The endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor, H2O2, promotes metal-ion efflux in aortic endothelial cells: elemental mapping by a hard X-ray microscope. Biochemistry 45:12500–12509. https://doi.org/10.1021/bi0604375
Santin G, Scietti L, Veneroni P, Barni S, Bernocchi G, Bottone MG (2012) Effects of cisplatin in neuroblastoma rat cells: damage to cellular organelles. Int J Cell Biol 2012:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/424072
Bashir K, Rasheed S, Kobayashi T, Seki M, Nishizawa NK (2016) Regulating subcellular metal homeostasis: the key to crop improvement. Front Plant Sci 7:1192. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.01192
Dodani SC, Firl A, Chan J, Nam CI, Aron AT, Onak CS, Ramos-Torres KM, Paek J, Webster CM, Feller MB, Chang CJ (2014) Copper is an endogenous modulator of neural circuit spontaneous activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci 111(46):16280–16285. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1409796111
Li S, Zhang J, Yang H, Wu C, Dang X, Liu Y (2015) Copper depletion inhibits cocl2-induced aggressive phenotype of MCF-7 cells via downregulation of HIF-1 and inhibition of snail/twist-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Sci Rep 5(1):12410. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep12410
Zheng X, Cheng W, Ji C, Zhang J, Yin M (2020) Detection of metal ions in biological systems: a review. Rev Anal Chem 39(1):231–246. https://doi.org/10.1515/revac-2020-0118
Weekley CM, He C (2017) Developing drugs targeting transition metal homeostasis. Curr Opin Chem Biol 37:26–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.12.011
Prohaska JR (2008) Role of copper transporters in copper homeostasis. Am J Clin Nutr 88(3):826S-829S. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/88.3.826S
Dean KM, Qin Y, Palmer AE (2012) Visualizing metal ions in cells: an overview of analytical techniques, approaches, and probes. Biochim Biophys Acta (BBA) Mol Cell Res 1823(9):1406–1415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.04.001
Kilari D (2016) Role of copper transporters in platinum resistance. World J Clin Oncol 7(1):106. https://doi.org/10.5306/wjco.v7.i1.106
Ghezzi AR, Aceto M, Cassino C, Gabano E, Osella D (2004) Uptake of antitumor platinum(ii)-complexes by cancer cells, assayed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). J Inorg Biochem 98(1):73–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2003.08.014
Kuo MT, Chen HH, Song I-S, Savaraj N, Ishikawa T (2007) The roles of copper transporters in cisplatin resistance. Cancer Metastasis Rev 26(1):71–83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10555-007-9045-3
Song I-S, Savaraj N, Siddik ZH, Liu P, Wei Y, Wu CJ, Kuo MT (2004) Role of human copper transporter CTR1 in the transport of platinum-based antitumor agents in cisplatin-sensitive and cisplatin-resistant cells. Mol Cancer Ther 3(12):1543–1549
Kalayda GV, Wagner CH, Jaehde U (2012) Relevance of copper transporter 1 for cisplatin resistance in human ovarian carcinoma cells. J Inorg Biochem 116:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2012.07.010
Li Z-H, Zheng R, Chen J-T, Jia J, Qiu M (2016) The role of copper transporter ATP7A in platinum-resistance of esophageal squamous cell cancer (ESCC). J Cancer 7(14):2085–2092. https://doi.org/10.7150/jca.16117
Komatsu M, Sumizawa T, Mutoh M, Chen Z, Terada K, Furukawa T, Yang X, Gao H, Miura N, Sugiyama T, Akiyama S-I (2000) Copper-transporting P-type adenosine triphosphatase (ATP7B) is associated with cisplatin resistance. Can Res 60(5):1312–1316
Hudson LG, Zeineldin R, Stack MS (2008) Phenotypic plasticity of neoplastic ovarian epithelium: unique cadherin profiles in tumor progression. Clin Exp Metas 25(6):643–655. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10585-008-9171-5
Wang P, Zhou R, Thomas P, Zhao L, Zhou R, Mandal S, Jolly M, Richard D, Rehm B, Ostrikov K, Dai X, Williams E, Thompson E (2021) Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition enhances cancer cell sensitivity to cytotoxic effects of cold atmospheric plasmas in breast and bladder cancer systems. Cancers 13(12):2889. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13122889
Petruzzelli R, Polishchuk RS (2019) Activity and trafficking of copper-transporting ATPases in tumor development and defence against platinum-based drugs. Cells 8(9):1080. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells8091080
Holzer AK, Samimi G, Katano K, Naerdemann W, Lin X, Safaei R, Howell SB (2004) The copper influx transporter human copper transport protein 1 regulates the uptake of cisplatin in human ovarian carcinoma cells. Mol Pharmacol 66(4):817–823. https://doi.org/10.1124/mol.104.001198
Morgan MT, Bourassa D, Harankhedkar S, McCallum AM, Zlatic SA, Calvo JS, Meloni G, Faundez V, Fahrni CJ (2019) Ratiometric two-photon microscopy reveals attomolar copper buffering in normal and Menkes mutant cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci 116(25):12167–12172. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1900172116
Chung CY-S, Posimo JM, Lee S, Tsang T, Davis JM, Brady DC, Chang CJ (2019) Activity-based ratiometric fret probe reveals oncogene-driven changes in labile copper pools induced by altered glutathione metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci 116(37):18285–18294. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1904610116
Shen C, New EJ (2015) What has fluorescent sensing told us about copper and brain malfunction? Metallomics 7(1):56–65. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4MT00288A
Bárány E, Bergdahl IA, Bratteby L-E, Lundh T, Samuelson G, Schütz A, Skerfving S, Oskarsson A (2002) Trace element levels in whole blood and serum from Swedish adolescents. Sci Total Environ 286(1–3):129–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(01)00970-6
Dodani SC, Domaille DW, Nam CI, Miller EW, Finney LA, Vogt S, Chang CJ (2011) Calcium-dependent copper redistributions in neuronal cells revealed by a fluorescent copper sensor and X-ray fluorescence microscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci 108(15):5980–5985. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1009932108
Perez RP (1998) Cellular and molecular determinants of cisplatin resistance. Eur J Cancer 34(10):1535–1542. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0959-8049(98)00227-5
Zhou J, Kang Y, Chen L, Wang H, Liu J, Zeng S, Yu L (2020) The drug-resistance mechanisms of five platinum-based antitumor agents. Front Pharmacol 11:343. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.00343
De Luca A, Parker LJ, Ang WH, Rodolfo C, Gabbarini V, Hancock NC, Palone F, Mazzetti AP, Menin L, Morton CJ, Parker MW, Lo Bello M, Dyson PJ (2019) A structure-based mechanism of cisplatin resistance mediated by glutathione transferase P1–1. Proc Natl Acad Sci 116(28):13943–13951. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1903297116
Kuo MT, Huang Y-F, Chou C-Y, Chen HH (2021) Targeting the copper transport system to improve treatment efficacies of platinum-containing drugs in cancer chemotherapy. Pharmaceuticals 14(6):549. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14060549
New EJ, Wimmer VC, Hare DJ (2018) Promises and pitfalls of metal imaging in biology. Cell Chem Biol 25(1):7–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chembiol.2017.10.006
Zhu J, Yeo JH, Bowyer AA, Proschogo N, New EJ (2020) Studies of the labile lead pool using a rhodamine-based fluorescent probe. Metallomics 12(5):644–648. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0mt00056f
Anglesio MS, Wiegand KC, Melnyk N, Chow C, Salamanca C, Prentice LM, Senz J, Yang W, Spillman MA, Cochrane DR, Shumansky K, Shah SP, Kalloger SE, Huntsman DG (2013) Type-specific cell line models for type-specific ovarian cancer research. PLoS ONE 8(9):e72162. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0072162
Acknowledgements
We are grateful for Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis (ACMM) especially Dr Gerald Shami and Dr Yingying Su for assistance with cell culture and confocal microscopy, Bosch Molecular Biology facility at the University of Sydney for IncuCyte experiments, Em. Prof. Trevor W. Hambley for providing A2780 and A2780.CisR cells, Dr Clara Shen for providing InCCu1 probe, Dr Jia Hao Yeo for confocal microscopy training, and Dr Nicholas Proschogo for ICP-MS measurements.
Funding
We are grateful for financial supported by Australian Research Council (ARC, DP160104172), that helped fund this research and to the Chemistry Department, Jazan University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for a PhD scholarship (SMA).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Mohammed Asiri, S., Levina, A., New, E.J. et al. Investigations of cellular copper metabolism in ovarian cancer cells using a ratiometric fluorescent copper dye. J Biol Inorg Chem 28, 43–55 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00775-022-01978-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00775-022-01978-9