Open access at a crossroads: library publishing and bibliodiversity

Lai Ma; Jane Buggle; Marie O’Neill

Opinion Pieces

Open access at a crossroads: library publishing and bibliodiversity

Authors

Lai Ma
Jane Buggle
Marie O’Neill

Abstract

The open access movement has gained momentum since the Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI) first launched twenty years ago. Notably, there has been a drastic increase in the number of open access articles. Concerns have been raised about equality and diversity issues, however, for researchers without an affiliation (e.g. independent, unemployed and retired researchers) and researchers on the ‘scientific periphery’ who are excluded from the gold open access model. This article argues that the gold open access model is destructive to the knowledge production ecosystem by addressing the importance of bibliodiversity and the ways in which library publishing can contribute to sustainable and equitable knowledge production.

Keywords:

Year: 2023

Volume 36

Page/Article: 10

DOI: 10.1629/uksg.613

Submitted on Nov 21, 2022

Accepted on Dec 14, 2022

Published on May 9, 2023

Peer Reviewed

CC Attribution 4.0

Bibliodiversity

‘Bibliodiversity is a complex, self-sustaining system of storytelling, writing, publishing and the other kinds of production of oral and written literature. The writers and producers are comparable to the inhabitants of an ecosystem. Bibliodiversity contributes to a thriving life of culture and a healthy eco-social system’.

Bibliodiversity is an important concern for knowledge production for its emphasis on the critical diversity of authors and scholarly works representing cultures, languages, genres and all kinds of scholarly and scientific endeavours. Without bibliodiversity, we risk overlooking important scientific discoveries and innovations that may save humanity one day. Without bibliodiversity, we are restricting our imaginations and limiting ourselves to the understanding constructed by a minority of prestigious publications and publishers. For instance, consider the mRNA vaccines which have been instrumental in combating the Covid-19 pandemic. Katalina Karikó’s work on mRNA, now recognized as a game-changer, was rejected for publication in Science and Nature. In fact, Dr Karikó’s academic career was not one of a high-flying scientist: with little success in grant funding and publications, she was demoted by the University of Pennsylvania and eventually moved to industry. Dr David Langer, who has worked with Dr Karikó, commented, ‘When your idea is against the conventional wisdom that makes sense to the star chamber, it is very hard to break out’.

Bibliodiversity calls for an inclusive and diverse scholarly communication landscape. The predominance of a few commercial publishers and the gold open access model, however, is diametrically opposed to bibliodiversity and counters the core values of the open access movement. This article examines the current open access movement at a crossroads, in particular the fact that the gold open access model is destructive to bibliodiversity, followed by a discussion of the ways by which library publishing can contribute to sustainable and equitable knowledge production.

Open access at a crossroads

Since the publication of the Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI) (Note ), the number of open access articles has increased drastically over the last two decades (Note ). Yet, the growth has not been celebrated as a success. For many, the predominance of commercial publishers and gold open access articles does not bode well for a truly open access movement because, firstly, transformative agreements do not resolve the serial crisis concerning the limits and allocation of library budgets. In reality, these agreements consolidate the market share of some commercial publishers, while small publishers, including scholar-led and learned society publications, can become unviable as they lose subscriptions due to academic libraries prioritizing open access publications in response to funding mandates. Small and local publishers are sometimes described as ‘collateral damage’ in the open access movement.

Secondly, access to scholarly literature is largely contingent on the availability of a commercial research infrastructure – not the ‘public internet’ as envisaged in the BOAI. The intellectual property rights of manuscripts can still be retained by commercial publishers, meaning that scholarly works may not be downloaded, copied or distributed freely. Meanwhile, some publishers are expanding their influence on knowledge production by broadening the scope of their products in the entire research life cycle, while using digital tracking and spyware to collect data about research activities. Scholarly publishing is largely market-driven rather than scholar-led.

Thirdly, the gold open access model entails that authors without funding cannot make their work openly accessible, including authors who are independent, retired, on precarious contracts, or are affiliated with research institutions that do not have transformative agreements in place. A recent study shows that nearly 70% of DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals) articles were published in gold open access journals in 2020, but that authors from low-income countries only accounted for just over 1% of these articles. The gold open access model disadvantages researchers outside of high-income countries, whilst privileging those employed in prestigious institutions, especially if associated with a STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) discipline.

Gold open access: driving the destruction of bibliodiversity

The gold open access model can be detrimental to bibliodiversity, that is, the critical diversity of authors and scholarly works, due to the dominance of Western-centric indexing services as arbitrators of legitimate knowledge combined with the narrow definition of research excellence and quality propounded by traditional commercial publishers and established university presses. The introduction of article processing charges (APCs) and book processing charges (BPCs) privileges research and publications by researchers in high-income and Western countries and hence perpetuates the monoculture of knowledge production. Correspondingly, studies have shown that editorial and peer review processes in publications, as well as grant applications, can be biased towards ‘hot’ topics and reserved about methodologies and methods. Traditional prestigious publications and publishers, the beneficiaries of the gold open access model, are less likely to take risks and publish ‘cold’ topics or innovative methods because these articles may not attract attention and citations. Emerging, fringe and seemingly ‘cold’ topics are then driven to the sidelines. Will non-mainstream publications survive through the cold winter of the gold phase of the open access movement with diminishing bibliodiversity?

The dominance of gold open access journals is a hindrance to multilingualism in scholarly communication because researchers are discouraged from publishing in local languages or local journals, especially when research systems prioritize publications in high-impact journals – the majority of which are English-language journals indexed on Scopus or Web of Science. The Helsinki Initiative on Multilingualism in Scholarly Communication is a call for language diversity in knowledge production and scholarly communication. However, such initiatives can be undermined by the gold open access model in which local publications are often overshadowed by open access publications afforded by APCs or BPCs.

Furthermore, an unintended consequence of the gold open access model is that researchers who cannot afford APCs or BPCs may be deemed less impactful because their works are marginalized or buried, resulting in epistemic injustice in knowledge production. The gold open access model exacerbates epistemic injustice because research in privileged institutions and countries is perceived as more authoritative and legitimate, while local knowledge and research by marginalized researchers and indigenous communities are less likely to be published, less read and may be deemed lesser quality.

The green route via institutional repository

The green open access model has somehow been sidelined in the open access movement. This may be due to the perception that making the version of record openly available is the ultimate goal of open access. However, this may be an oversight as green open access with no embargo period, especially with the facilitation of institutional repositories, can support bibliodiversity and sustainable knowledge production and scholarly communication.

The green open access model can also support smaller publishers. Learned societies and small publishers cannot easily switch to an open infrastructure due to the lack of capital, resources and expertise. Rather, with the support of a stable subscription fee and membership income, they can allow green open access with no embargo period. Institutional repositories can play an important role in preserving and disseminating the publications, while the Subscribe to Open (S2O) model can be adopted to make the version of record publicly accessible. Without the green open access option, these publishers may struggle to survive. The disappearance of small publishers is dangerous for the ecosystems of knowledge production because they often serve as the breeding ground for new ideas and approaches, as well as spaces for less dogmatic, less conservative and less conventional research areas and ‘cold’ topics. Their publications also cater for readers of special interests in emerging fields and support works of local interest.

To a certain extent, supporting small publishers is like supporting your local bookstores rather than the monopolistic online retail store. The green open access option is viable for small publishers, and institutional repositories provide safe spaces for preservation and persistent identifiers for dissemination and distribution. The green open access model is also important for preserving bibliodiversity – for the very fact that scholar-led publications tend to allow for experimental ideas and marginalized voices without the fear of not attracting citations or losing prestige. Why the green open access model is not prioritized or pursued for all its benefits is an interesting question.

Library publishing

Library publishing is defined by the Library Publishing Coalition as ‘the set of activities led by college and university libraries to support the creation, dissemination, and curation of scholarly, creative, and/or educational works’ and characterized by ‘a preference for open access dissemination and willingness to embrace informal and experimental forms of scholarly communication and to challenge the status quo’. In other words, library publishing is an umbrella term that encompasses many forms of publishing, including journals, books, textbooks and open educational resources.

Institutional repositories and data archives are one form of ‘publishing’ that is closest to the traditional functions of an academic library: they preserve and disseminate research outputs, but they do not produce new content. They play a key role in supporting green open access. Library publishers use a range of open source and proprietary publishing platforms such as open journal systems (OJS), Janeway, Manifold and Digital Commons to publish books, textbooks and journals on an open access basis. Educopia’s Next Generation Library Publishing Project (NGLP) is currently researching ‘community governed, open solutions that rival best-of-breed commercial tools and advance scholarly communication in important ways’. Furthermore, library publishing supports bibliodiversity by preserving and disseminating the scholarly output of their communities and by filling gaps in the current scholarly publishing system.

Library publishing programmes are expanding rapidly across the world, underpinned by expert communities of practice which are supported by a range of organizations such as the Library Publishing Coalition. The International Federation of Library Association’s (IFLA) Library Publishing Special Interest Group (SIG) and Educopia have produced key resources on values, workflows, maps and directories. More recently, the Library Association of Ireland has established a Library Publishing Group which is a strategic affiliate of both the Library Publishing Coalition and IFLA’s Library Publishing SIG. Examples of library publishing programmes include TU Dublin (Technological University Dublin) and the University of Pittsburgh. There are currently 145 academic and research library publishing programmes listed in the Library Publishing Coalition’s Library Publishing Directory (2022). It is important to note that the majority of library-published books and journals are indexed on the DOAJ and DOAB (Directory of Open Access Books) platforms respectively, which have stringent indexing requirements in relation to peer review, ethics and governance. Library-published journals are also aligned with the values of equality, diversity and inclusion, and many also support the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Library publishing for bibliodiversity in the knowledge production ecosystem

Traditional commercial publishers and university presses tend to specialize in certain subject areas for their targeted markets and distribution networks. It is understandable that commercial publishers aim to make profits. Naturally, they publish journals and monographs that sell or attract subscriptions and citations. This means that the works of established researchers and hot topics are more likely to be accepted, while works that are experimental can be left out. On the contrary, smaller, non-profit and/or library publishers are more likely to take on controversial topics and perspectives, as well as emerging scholars who may be sidelined due to unconscious biases based on their affiliations and personal characteristics such as, for example, ethnicity, race, gender identity, sex and country of origin. The scholar-led journal, African Health Sciences, published by the African Health Journals Partnership Project that is funded by the US National Institutes of Health, for example, was established to publish and disseminate health research of specific interest to their local communities that is often not deemed important by prestigious journals published in Western countries. (Note ) In the realm of library publishing, The University of Cape Town is a library-based publisher of open monographs and textbooks, one of four academic libraries that offer the hosting of open access journals.

Library publishing plays an important role in maintaining bibliodiversity by providing venues for research and scholarship overlooked by traditional publishers, especially works in the humanities and humanistic social sciences. These works are essential for a healthy ecosystem of knowledge production as they counter the monoculture fostered by traditional publishers. The lack of scholar-led and library publishing venues can stifle creativity and lead to a decline in bibliodiversity in our research diet. The diamond open access model favoured by library publishers is the most desired in the open access movement. The new Action Plan for Open Access, published in 2022 by Science Europe, adds further impetus to this.

Challenges of library publishing

In practice, library publishing faces challenges in funding, scale and training. Library publishing requires funding for its operations, including infrastructure, training, legal and marketing support. However, as Demmy Verbeke discussed at the UKSG Conference in 2022, current expenses on subscriptions and transformative agreements can be repurposed to develop a scholar-led publishing and research infrastructure. With Laura Mesotten, he also reported the development of a publishing programme and the Leuven University Press with less than 1% of the library budget. Switching to library publishing or scholar-led publishing can possibly save money in the long run. A 2.5% commitment has been called for to facilitate the transition to common digital infrastructure in academic libraries in the United States to foster collective action on open access, including the hosting of institutional repositories and journals.

The scale and scalability of library publishing for any institution will be subject to the resources available, as well as their mission and values. When the objective of library publishing is to support bibliodiversity – that is, to publish materials that would have been left out by mainstream publishers – it is not necessary for library publishing to scale. In fact, ‘scaling small’ can be a way to establish a trusting relationship with contributors. And whilst most professional librarians do not have experience in publishing, academic modules in scholarly communication, open scholarship and in library publishing can fill in the gap by introducing relevant topics including editorial strategy, peer review, production workflows, copyright, discoverability, sustainability, accessibility and preservation.

The most significant challenge many open access alternatives, including library publishing, face, however, is acceptance and recognition by research assessments. Currently, the criteria of research assessments over-emphasize the prestige of journals or publishers: researchers are deterred from publishing in channels that are not indexed on Scopus or similar services. There are also problems with credibility and trust and, in particular, perception issues related to predatory and vanity publishing. Consequently, researchers are reluctant to publish their work in new online journals or open monographs because of their doubts about the editorial, peer review and production processes, on the one hand, and the research assessment criteria for recruitment, tenure and promotion, on the other. These tensions are of utmost concern for the development of open research in achieving bibliodiversity.

Conclusions

Bibliodiversity is important for access and preservation of knowledge. The knowledge production ecosystem needs publications of critical and diverse contributions that may not be suited for traditional, especially commercial, publishers. As the limitations and potential damages of the gold open access model have become apparent, the next phase of the open access movement demands a structural change in the academic publishing and scholarly communication landscape. Recommendations have been made to develop collective open publishing platforms; there are also successful developments of open research infrastructure in Africa and Latin America. While these developments are essential to counter the dominance of big commercial publishers, this article argues that library publishing can also play an important role in maintaining the bibliodiversity of the knowledge production ecosystem.

Notes

“Read the declaration,” Budapest Open Access Initiative, BOAI, https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/read/ (accessed 30 March 2023). See also the “Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing,” Open Science, https://www.ouvrirlascience.fr/bethesda-statement-on-open-access-publishing/ (accessed 30 March 2023) and the “Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities, Open Access, https://openaccess.mpg.de/Berlin-Declaration (accessed 30 March 2023) both published in 2003. Together the three statements are often referred to as the BBB definition of open access.
Walt Crawford has produced reports of open access journals since 2011, freely available on his website – https://waltcrawford.name/goaj.html (accessed 30 March 2023). Readers should note that, however, the term ‘gold open access’ is inclusive of diamond open access in these reports.
African Health Sciences is an open access journal available at https://africanhealthsciences.org/ (accessed 30 March 2023). An interview with its founder and editor-in-chief is available at Knowledge Equity Lab podcast at https://knowledgeequitylab.ca/podcast/ep3/ (accessed 30 March 2023).

Abbreviations and Acronyms

A list of the abbreviations and acronyms used in this and other Insights articles can be accessed here – click on the URL below and then select the ‘full list of industry A&As’ link: http://www.uksg.org/publications#aa.

Competing Interests

The authors have declared no competing interests.

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[B1] Leslie Chan, Connecting the Knowledge Commons: From Projects to Sustainable Infrastructure (Marseille: OpenEdition Press, 2019).

[B2] “Kati Kariko helped shield the world from coronavirus,” New York Times, August 4, 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/08/health/coronavirus-mrna-kariko.html (accessed 30 March 2023); David Scales, “How Our Brutal Science System Almost Cost Us A Pioneer Of mRNA Vaccines,” wbur, February 12, 2021, https://www.wbur.org/news/2021/02/12/brutal-science-system-mrna-pioneer (accessed 30 March 2023).

[B3] Rosângela Schwarz Rodrigues, Ernest Abadal, and Breno Kricheldorf Hermes de Araújo, “Open Access Publishers: The New Players,” PLOS One 15, no. 6 (2020): e0233432, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233432 (accessed 30 March 2023); Sumiko Asai, “Strategies to Increase the Number of Open Access Journals: The Cases of Elsevier and Springer Nature,” Journal of Scholarly Publishing 53, no. 2 (2022): 75–84, https://muse.jhu.edu/article/847390, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3138/jsp.53.2.02 (accessed 30 March 2023).

[B4] Penny C. S. Andrews, “The Platformization of Open,” in Resembling Scholarly Communications: Histories, Infrastructures, and Global Politics of Open Access (The MIT Press, 2020), 265–276, DOI: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/11885.003.0027 (accessed 30 March 2023); George Chen, Alejandro Posada, and Leslie Chan, “Vertical Integration in Academic Publishing: Implications for Knowledge Inequality,” in Connecting the Knowledge Commons: From Projects to Sustainable Infrastructure (Marseille: OpenEdition Press, 2019), DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/books.oep.9068 (accessed 30 March 2023).

[B5] David Druelinger and Lai Ma, “Missing a Golden Opportunity? An Analysis of Publication Trends by Income Level in the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) 1987–2020,” (in press).

[B6] Anthony J. Olejniczak and Molly J. Wilson, “Who’s writing open access (OA) articles? Characteristics of OA authors at Ph.D.-granting institutions in the United States,” Quantitative Science Studies 1, no. 4 (2020): 1429–1450, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/qss_a_00091 (accessed 30 March 2023).

[B7] David Millset al., “‘Fake’ journals and the fragility of authenticity: Citation indexes, ‘predatory’ publishing, and the African research ecosystem,” Journal of African Cultural Studies 33, no. 3 (2021): 276–296, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13696815.2020.1864304 (accessed 30 March 2023); Fernanda Beigel, “A Multi-Scale Perspective for Assessing Publishing Circuits in Non-Hegemonic Countries,” Tapuya: Latin American Science, Technology and Society 4, no. 1 (2021), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/25729861.2020.1845923 (accessed 30 March 2023).

[B8] J. A. Garcia, Rosa Rodriguez-Sánchez, and J. Fdez-Valdivia, “Confirmation Bias in Peer Review,” Scientometrics 123 (2020): 517–533, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-020-03357-0 (accessed 31 March 2023); “The Challenges of Impact Assessment,” European Science Foundation, accessed from http://archives.esf.org/coordinating-research/mo-fora/evaluation-of-publicly-funded-research.html (accessed 31 March 2023).

[B9] “Helsinki Initiative on Multilingualism in Scholarly Communication,” Federation of Finnish Learned Societies, https://www.helsinki-initiative.org/ (accessed 31 March 2023).

[B10] Lai Ma, “Metrics and Epistemic Injustice,” Journal of Documentation 78, no. 7 (2022): 392–404, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JD-12-2021-0240 (accessed 31 March 2023).

[B11] Ann Okerson and Alex Holzman, The Once and Future Publishing Library, Council on Library and Information Resources,” 2015, https://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub166/ (accessed 31 March 2023).

[B12] Charles W. Bailey Jr., “Academic Library as Scholarly Publisher Bibliography, Version 2,” University of Nebraska, Lincoln, https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/scholcom/197/ (accessed 31 March 2023).

[B13] “Next Generation Library Publishing,” Educopia Institute, https://educopia.org/next-generation-library-publishing/ (accessed 31 March 2023).

[B14] Sarah Kalikman Lippincott, “The Library Publishing Coalition: Organizing Libraries to Enhance Scholarly Publishing,” Insights 29, no. 2 (2016): 186–191, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1629/uksg.296 (accessed 31 March 2023).

[B15] “The Forest Framework for Values-Driven Scholarly Communication,” Educopia Institute, https://educopia.org/forest-framework-for-values-driven-scholarly-communication (accessed 3 April 2023).

[B16] “Library Publishing Workflows,” Educopia Institute, https://educopia.org/library-publishing-workflows/ (accessed 31 March 2023).

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[B20] Laura Portwood-Stacer, The Book Proposal Book: A Guide for Scholarly Authors, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2021). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9780691216621

[B21] Monica Berger, “Bibliodiversity at the centre: Decolonizing open access,” Development and Change 52, no. 2 (2021): 383–404, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12634 (accessed 31 March 2023).

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[B25] David W. Lewis, “The 2.5% Commitment,” Scholar Works, https://scholarworks.iupui.edu/handle/1805/14063 (accessed 31 March 2023); Cynthia Hudson Vitale and Judy Ruttenberg, Investments in Open: Association of Research Libraries US University Member Expenditures on Services, Collections, Staff, and Infrastructure in Support of Open Scholarship, (Washington, DC: Association of Research Libraries, November 2022), DOI: https://doi.org/10.29242/report.investmentsinopen2022 (accessed 31 March 2023).

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