This report is now produced on a monthly basis. At the present stage of the 2022-24 global mpox1 outbreak, frequency of reporting of cases to WHO has decreased substantially. Furthermore, we currently do not factor in zero reporting. For this reason, there are often significant delays between case detection and reporting at the global level, and data should be interpreted in light of this. The present report only includes those countries which reported their data by the publication date above.
Here, we provide a global overview of mpox epidemiological situation as reported to WHO as of the end of March 2024. The report mainly focuses laboratory confirmed cases2 as defined by the WHO’s working case definition published in the Surveillance, case investigation and contact tracing for monkeypox interim guidance. Note that countries may use their own case definitions separate from those outlined in the above document.
Since 1 January 2022, cases of mpox have been reported to WHO from 117 Member States across all 6 WHO regions. As of 31 March 2024 , a total of 95 226 laboratory confirmed cases and 662 probable cases, including 185 deaths, have been reported to WHO.
With the exception of countries3,4 in West and Central Africa, amongst those countries for whom mpox cases’ exposures have been reported, the ongoing outbreak of mpox continues to primarily affect men who have sex with men (MSM). At present there is no signal suggesting sustained transmission beyond these networks. Confirmation of one case of mpox, in a country, is considered an outbreak.
WHO conducted the latest global mpox risk assessment in December 2023.
The mpox long-term risk was assessed as follows:
This report should be considered in the context of other WHO information products associated with the 2022-24 mpox outbreak, and mpox in general. Links to these products can be found at the end of the report.
The monthly situation report provides a comprehensive update of the mpox situation and response activities across a variety of domains such as epidemiology, clinical management and communications ;
This global epidemiological report provides in-depth epidemiological information about the mpox situation, based primarily on case report forms provided by Member States to WHO under Article 6 of the International Health Regulations (IHR 2005), and the Standing Recommendations for mpox.
On of 28 November 2022, WHO recommended using the name mpox as a new name for monkeypox. The words will be used synonymously for one year while the term monkeypox is phased out.
For the WHO European region, both confirmed and probable cases are included within confirmed case counts and detailed case data.
Throughout this document, any use of the word country should be considered shorthand for a country, area, or territory.
All references to Kosovo should be understood to be in the context of the United Nations Security Council resolution 1244 (1999).
As of March 2024, the number of monthly reported new cases has decreased by 37.4%, compared to the previous month. The majority of cases reported in the past month were notified from the African Region (38.8%) and the European Region (26.4%).
The 10 most affected countries globally since 1 January 2022 are: United States of America (n = 31 904), Brazil (n = 10 967), Spain (n = 7 960), France (n = 4 206), Colombia (n = 4 090), Mexico (n = 4 084), The United Kingdom (n = 3 908), Germany (n = 3 830), Peru (n = 3 812), and China (n = 2 034). Together, these countries account for 80.6% of the cases reported globally.
In the most recent month of reporting, 10 countries reported an increase in the monthly number of cases. In the past month, 22 countries have reported cases.
In the past month, 1 country reported their first case. The country(ies) which reported their first case(s) in the past month are: Cambodia.
Global aggregated data are collected collected through direct reporting from Member States to WHO and its partners or from official country sources. The below epidemic curve shows the aggregated number of cases by month according to the date of case reporting.
Epidemic curve shown by month for cases reported up to 31 Mar 2024 to avoid showing incomplete months of data.
Epidemic curve shown by month for deaths reported up to 31 Mar 2024 to avoid showing incomplete months of data.
Epidemic curve shown by month for cases reported up to 31 Mar 2024 to avoid showing incomplete months of data. Note different y-axis scales.
Epidemic curve shown by month for deaths reported up to 31 Mar 2024 to avoid showing incomplete months of data. Note different y-axis scales.
Epidemic curve shown by month for cases reported up to 31 Mar 2024 to avoid showing incomplete months of data. Note different y-axis scales.
In the past six months, the number of cases reported monthly has declined substantially from the global peak of 30,910 cases observed in August 2022. In the past six months (01 Oct 2023 - 31 Mar 2024):
On average, at the global level, 685 cases have been observed monthly
The most affected region was the Region of the Americas, where 1 357 cases and 12 deaths have been reported. This is followed by the European Region (948 cases, 3 deaths), and the African Region (911 cases, 3 deaths)
Epidemic curve shown by month for cases reported up to 31 Mar 2024 to avoid showing incomplete months of data.
Epidemic curve shown by month for deaths reported up to 31 Mar 2024 to avoid showing incomplete weeks of data.
Epidemic curve shown by month for cases reported up to 31 Mar 2024 to avoid showing incomplete weeks of data. Note different y-axis scales.
Epidemic curve shown by month for cases reported up to 31 Mar 2024 to avoid showing incomplete weeks of data. Note different y-axis scales.
Note: Maps can be clicked to view on a larger scale
Total mpox cases, by WHO region | ||||||
Data as of March 2024 | ||||||
WHO Region | Total cases1 | Total deaths1 | Cases in Feb 2024 | Cases in Mar 2024 | Monthly % change in cases | Month most recent cases reported |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Region of the Americas | 61,264 | 139 | 250 | 118 | −53.0% | Mar 2024 |
European Region | 27,179 | 10 | 213 | 123 | −42.0% | Mar 2024 |
African Region | 2,920 | 23 | 231 | 181 | −22.0% | Mar 2024 |
Western Pacific Region | 2,897 | 10 | 25 | 32 | 28.0% | Mar 2024 |
South-East Asia Region | 871 | 2 | 26 | 12 | −54.0% | Mar 2024 |
Eastern Mediterranean Region | 95 | 1 | 0 | 0 | – | Oct 2023 |
1 From Jan 2022 |
Total Mpox cases, by WHO region | |||
From 1 Jan 2022. Data as of 31 Mar 2024 | |||
Total Confirmed Cases | Total Probable Cases | Total Deaths | |
---|---|---|---|
Region of the Americas | |||
United States of America | 31,904 | 0 | 58 |
Brazil | 10,967 | 349 | 16 |
Colombia | 4,090 | 0 | 0 |
Mexico | 4,084 | 52 | 34 |
Peru | 3,812 | 0 | 20 |
Canada1 | 1,499 | 77 | 0 |
Chile | 1,449 | 26 | 3 |
Argentina | 1,136 | 0 | 2 |
Ecuador | 557 | 1 | 3 |
Guatemala | 405 | 5 | 1 |
Bolivia (Plurinational State of) | 265 | 0 | 0 |
Panama | 239 | 0 | 1 |
Costa Rica | 225 | 0 | 0 |
Puerto Rico | 221 | 150 | 0 |
Paraguay | 126 | 0 | 0 |
El Salvador | 104 | 0 | 0 |
Dominican Republic | 52 | 1 | 0 |
Honduras | 44 | 0 | 0 |
Jamaica | 21 | 0 | 0 |
Uruguay | 19 | 0 | 0 |
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) | 12 | 0 | 0 |
Cuba | 8 | 0 | 1 |
Martinique | 7 | 0 | 0 |
Bahamas | 3 | 0 | 0 |
Aruba | 3 | 0 | 0 |
Curaçao | 3 | 0 | 0 |
Trinidad and Tobago | 3 | 0 | 0 |
Guyana | 2 | 0 | 0 |
Bermuda | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Barbados | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Guadeloupe | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Saint Martin | 1 | 0 | 0 |
European Region | |||
Spain | 7,960 | 0 | 3 |
France | 4,206 | 0 | 0 |
The United Kingdom | 3,908 | 0 | 0 |
Germany | 3,830 | 0 | 0 |
Netherlands | 1,299 | 0 | 0 |
Portugal | 1,193 | 0 | 3 |
Italy | 1,042 | 0 | 0 |
Belgium | 806 | 0 | 2 |
Switzerland | 579 | 0 | 0 |
Austria | 345 | 0 | 1 |
Israel | 293 | 0 | 0 |
Sweden | 272 | 0 | 0 |
Ireland | 245 | 0 | 0 |
Poland | 221 | 0 | 0 |
Denmark | 198 | 0 | 0 |
Norway | 105 | 0 | 0 |
Greece | 92 | 0 | 0 |
Hungary | 83 | 0 | 0 |
Czechia | 78 | 0 | 1 |
Luxembourg | 61 | 0 | 0 |
Romania | 47 | 0 | 0 |
Slovenia | 47 | 0 | 0 |
Finland | 43 | 0 | 0 |
Serbia | 40 | 0 | 0 |
Malta | 35 | 0 | 0 |
Croatia | 33 | 0 | 0 |
Iceland | 17 | 0 | 0 |
Slovakia | 16 | 0 | 0 |
Türkiye | 12 | 0 | 0 |
Estonia | 11 | 0 | 0 |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 9 | 0 | 0 |
Bulgaria | 6 | 0 | 0 |
Latvia | 6 | 0 | 0 |
Gibraltar | 6 | 0 | 0 |
Ukraine | 5 | 0 | 0 |
Lithuania | 5 | 0 | 0 |
Cyprus | 5 | 0 | 0 |
Andorra | 4 | 0 | 0 |
Russian Federation | 4 | 0 | 0 |
Monaco | 3 | 0 | 0 |
Georgia | 2 | 0 | 0 |
Montenegro | 2 | 0 | 0 |
Republic of Moldova | 2 | 0 | 0 |
Greenland | 2 | 0 | 0 |
San Marino | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Western Pacific Region | |||
China2 | 2,034 | 0 | 1 |
Japan | 242 | 0 | 1 |
Viet Nam | 169 | 0 | 8 |
Australia | 156 | 0 | 0 |
Republic of Korea | 155 | 0 | 0 |
Singapore | 57 | 0 | 0 |
New Zealand | 50 | 1 | 0 |
Cambodia | 13 | 0 | 0 |
Malaysia | 9 | 0 | 0 |
Philippines | 9 | 0 | 0 |
Guam | 1 | 0 | 0 |
New Caledonia | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Lao People's Democratic Republic | 1 | 0 | 0 |
African Region | |||
Democratic Republic of the Congo | 1,763 | 0 | 2 |
Nigeria | 843 | 0 | 9 |
Ghana | 131 | 0 | 4 |
Congo | 54 | 0 | 2 |
Central African Republic | 50 | 0 | 1 |
Cameroon | 47 | 0 | 4 |
Liberia | 23 | 0 | 0 |
South Africa | 5 | 0 | 0 |
Benin | 3 | 0 | 0 |
Mozambique | 1 | 0 | 1 |
South-East Asia Region | |||
Thailand | 755 | 0 | 1 |
Indonesia | 84 | 0 | 0 |
India | 27 | 0 | 1 |
Sri Lanka | 4 | 0 | 0 |
Nepal | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Eastern Mediterranean Region | |||
Lebanon | 27 | 0 | 0 |
Sudan | 19 | 0 | 1 |
United Arab Emirates | 16 | 0 | 0 |
Saudi Arabia | 8 | 0 | 0 |
Pakistan | 7 | 0 | 0 |
Qatar | 5 | 0 | 0 |
Morocco | 3 | 0 | 0 |
Egypt | 3 | 0 | 0 |
Oman | 3 | 0 | 0 |
Bahrain | 2 | 0 | 0 |
Iran (Islamic Republic of) | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Jordan | 1 | 0 | 0 |
- | |||
Total | 95,226 | 662 | 185 |
1 Date information is unavailable for 45 cases in Canada | |||
2 Cases shown include those in mainland China (1611), Hong Kong SAR (84), Taipei (337), and Macao (2) |
Mpox cases in last month, by country | ||||||
March 2024 | ||||||
Country | Total cases1 | Total deaths1 | Cases in Feb 2024 | Cases in Mar 2024 | Monthly % change in cases | Month most recent cases reported |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic Republic of the Congo | 1,763 | 2 | 214 | 158 | −26.0% | Mar 2024 |
Congo | 54 | 2 | 9 | 15 | 67.0% | Mar 2024 |
Central African Republic | 50 | 1 | 6 | 6 | 0.0% | Mar 2024 |
Liberia | 23 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0.0% | Mar 2024 |
Benin | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | Jun 2022 |
Cameroon | 47 | 4 | 0 | 0 | – | Jan 2024 |
Ghana | 131 | 4 | 0 | 0 | – | Dec 2023 |
Mozambique | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | – | Oct 2022 |
Nigeria | 843 | 9 | 0 | 0 | – | Jun 2023 |
South Africa | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | Aug 2022 |
1 From Jan 2022 |
Mpox cases in last month, by country | ||||||
March 2024 | ||||||
Country | Total cases1 | Total deaths1 | Cases in Feb 2024 | Cases in Mar 2024 | Monthly % change in cases | Month most recent cases reported |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
United States of America | 31,904 | 58 | 224 | 104 | −54.0% | Mar 2024 |
Puerto Rico | 221 | 0 | 0 | 10 | – | Mar 2024 |
Mexico | 4,084 | 34 | 2 | 3 | 50.0% | Mar 2024 |
Canada | 1,499 | 0 | 22 | 1 | −95.0% | Mar 2024 |
Argentina | 1,136 | 2 | 0 | 0 | – | Nov 2023 |
Aruba | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | Sep 2022 |
Bahamas | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | Jun 2023 |
Barbados | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | Jul 2022 |
Bermuda | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | Jul 2022 |
Bolivia (Plurinational State of) | 265 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | Feb 2023 |
1 From Jan 2022 |
Mpox cases in last month, by country | ||||||
October 2023 | ||||||
Country | Total cases1 | Total deaths1 | Cases in Sep 2023 | Cases in Oct 2023 | Monthly % change in cases | Month most recent cases reported |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Oman | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | – | Oct 2023 |
Bahrain | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | Apr 2023 |
Egypt | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | Dec 2022 |
Iran (Islamic Republic of) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | Aug 2022 |
Jordan | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | Sep 2022 |
Lebanon | 27 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | Mar 2023 |
Morocco | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | Aug 2022 |
Pakistan | 7 | 0 | 1 | 0 | – | Sep 2023 |
Qatar | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | Sep 2022 |
Saudi Arabia | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | Aug 2022 |
1 From Jan 2022 |
Mpox cases in last month, by country | ||||||
March 2024 | ||||||
Country | Total cases1 | Total deaths1 | Cases in Feb 2024 | Cases in Mar 2024 | Monthly % change in cases | Month most recent cases reported |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spain | 7,960 | 3 | 112 | 62 | −45.0% | Mar 2024 |
The United Kingdom | 3,908 | 0 | 10 | 16 | 60.0% | Mar 2024 |
Germany | 3,830 | 0 | 9 | 14 | 56.0% | Mar 2024 |
Italy | 1,042 | 0 | 13 | 14 | 7.7% | Mar 2024 |
France | 4,206 | 0 | 16 | 11 | −31.0% | Mar 2024 |
Portugal | 1,193 | 3 | 4 | 3 | −25.0% | Mar 2024 |
Belgium | 806 | 2 | 2 | 1 | −50.0% | Mar 2024 |
Greece | 92 | 0 | 0 | 1 | – | Mar 2024 |
Poland | 221 | 0 | 0 | 1 | – | Mar 2024 |
Andorra | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | Aug 2022 |
1 From Jan 2022 |
Mpox cases in last month, by country | ||||||
March 2024 | ||||||
Country | Total cases1 | Total deaths1 | Cases in Feb 2024 | Cases in Mar 2024 | Monthly % change in cases | Month most recent cases reported |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Thailand | 755 | 1 | 22 | 12 | −45.0% | Mar 2024 |
India | 27 | 1 | 0 | 0 | – | Sep 2023 |
Indonesia | 84 | 0 | 4 | 0 | – | Feb 2024 |
Nepal | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | Jun 2023 |
Sri Lanka | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | Jun 2023 |
1 From Jan 2022 |
Mpox cases in last month, by country | ||||||
March 2024 | ||||||
Country | Total cases1 | Total deaths1 | Cases in Feb 2024 | Cases in Mar 2024 | Monthly % change in cases | Month most recent cases reported |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Viet Nam | 169 | 8 | 5 | 22 | 340.0% | Mar 2024 |
Singapore | 57 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 400.0% | Mar 2024 |
China | 2,034 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 0.0% | Mar 2024 |
Japan | 242 | 1 | 6 | 2 | −67.0% | Mar 2024 |
Australia | 156 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | Sep 2023 |
Cambodia | 13 | 0 | 10 | 0 | – | Feb 2024 |
Guam | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | Sep 2022 |
Lao People's Democratic Republic | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | Sep 2023 |
Malaysia | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | Nov 2023 |
New Caledonia | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | Jul 2022 |
1 From Jan 2022 |
Countries reporting cases in March | ||
Country | New cases | New deaths |
---|---|---|
African Region | ||
Democratic Republic of the Congo | 158 | 0 |
Congo | 15 | 0 |
Central African Republic | 6 | 0 |
Liberia | 2 | 0 |
Region of the Americas | ||
United States of America | 104 | 1 |
Puerto Rico | 10 | 0 |
Mexico | 3 | 0 |
Canada | 1 | 0 |
European Region | ||
Spain | 62 | 0 |
The United Kingdom | 16 | 0 |
Germany | 14 | 0 |
Italy | 14 | 0 |
France | 11 | 0 |
Portugal | 3 | 0 |
Belgium | 1 | 0 |
Greece | 1 | 0 |
Poland | 1 | 0 |
Western Pacific Region | ||
Viet Nam | 22 | 2 |
Singapore | 5 | 0 |
China | 3 | 0 |
Japan | 2 | 0 |
South-East Asia Region | ||
Thailand | 12 | 0 |
Detailed case data are acquired via direct reporting of case-based data from Member States to WHO. Data from cases are reported1 according to the WHO minimum dataset under the International Health Regulations (IHR 2005) Article 6. Completeness of records is variable, meaning denominators for variables may be different from one another. All of the following is derived from detailed case data, and as a result, overall numbers may not be reflective of figures shown with aggregate case numbers. All detailed cases shown are confirmed cases, where the reporting date occurred after 01 January 2022.
The detailed case dataset was last updated on March 2024. As of this date, the total number of detailed confirmed cases reported is 91 290, representing 95.9% of all aggregated cases reported.
The table below indicates the reporting coverage between reported aggregated confirmed cases and detailed confirmed cases by countries and per region.
Mpox reporting completeness | |||
As of 31 Mar 2024 | |||
Total Confirmed Cases | Total Detailed Confirmed Cases1 | % Detailed Cases reported | |
---|---|---|---|
Region of the Americas | 61,264 | 59,765 | 97.6% |
European Region | 27,179 | 27,058 | 99.6% |
African Region | 2,920 | 672 | 23.0% |
Western Pacific Region | 2,897 | 2,862 | 98.8% |
South-East Asia Region | 871 | 863 | 99.1% |
Eastern Mediterranean Region | 95 | 70 | 73.7% |
1 Note that in rare cases total detailed cases may exceed total confirmed cases due to ongoing data cleaning issues |
Trends in cases are shown for all submitted detailed cases. These are shown by:
Reporting of detailed cases is subject to some delay. The epidemic curves shown are not right-censored, and therefore trends in the most recent weeks shown should be interpreted with caution. It should be additionally noted that date of report does not reflect the date of reporting to WHO, but rather reporting to national or regional authorities.
Delay between date of onset and date of diagnosis were calculated for all countries where reporting quality passed criteria. Delays were only shown when the time between onset and diagnosis was between 0 and 50 days.
The median delay between onset and diagnosis was 7 days (interquartile range: 4-10 days)
Data by date of onset and country can be downloaded below.
Note different y-axis scales per country.
Note different y-axis scales per age group
Note that reported sexual behaviour does not necessarily reflect who the case has had recent sexual history with nor does it imply sexual activity. Note different y-axis scales.
Proportion of cases who are men who have sex with men, and proportion of cases who are male are used to monitor the spillover of cases from networks of men who have sex with men to the general population. In both plots below, the denominator is defined as all detailed cases where sexual behavior (above) or sex (below) has been reported. Shaded areas represent 95% confidence intervals.
Note that reported sexual behavior does not necessarily reflect who the case has had recent sexual history with nor does it imply sexual activity.
Select country of interest from the dropdown link below:
As shown below, and stated previously, the ongoing outbreak is largely occurring in networks of men who have sex with men. Note that reported sexual behaviour does not necessarily reflect who the case has had recent sexual history with nor does it imply sexual activity. Generally, severity has been low, with few reported hospitalizations and deaths:
Key features of these cases are as follows:
96.4% (85 324/88 513) of cases with available data are male, the median age is 34 years (IQR: 29 - 41).
Males between 18-44 years old continue to be disproportionately affected by this outbreak as they account for 79.4% of reported cases.
Of all cases with available data, 3.6% (3 189/88 513) are female:
The majority of these cases are reported from the Region of the Americas (2 372/3 189; 74%) and the European Region (448/3 189; 14%)
The most commonly reported form of transmission is via sexual encounters (263/515; 51%)
Of the 90 934 cases where age was available, there were 1 157 (1.3%) cases reported aged 0-17, out of which 333 (0.4%) were aged 0-4:
55 cases were reported to be pregnant or recently pregnant. Of these:
5, 12, and 10 cases were in their first, second, and third trimesters respectively. 28 were in an unknown trimester, and 0 were six weeks or less post-partum.
The median age was 28 years old (IQR: 22.5 - 31).
12 of these cases were known to be hospitalized. 0 were known to be admitted to ICU and 0 were known to have died.
The most common mode of transmission was sexual encounter (4/8 cases where route was known).
Among cases with known data on sexual behaviour, 85.5% (29 560/34 581) identified as men who have sex with men.
Among those with known HIV status, 51.9% (18 335/35 316) were people living with HIV. Note that information on HIV status is not available for the majority of cases.
1 270 cases were reported to be health workers. However, most were exposed in the community and further investigation is ongoing to determine which were due to occupational exposure.
Of all reported types of transmission, a sexual encounter was reported most commonly, with 18 420 of 22 096 (83.4%) of all reported transmission events.
Of all settings in which cases were likely exposed, the most common was in party setting with sexual contacts, with 4 386 of 6 589 (66.6%) of all reported exposure events.
As of 6 October 2023, the updated case reporting form no longer requires collection of exposure setting as an aspect of the case-based data. While we longer receive this information, we continue to present these data for the historical record.
Note that the proportions shown below should be interpreted with caution. In some cases, a variable may be more likely to be filled in if the answer is yes than if the answer is no. This is most likely to be true for variables such as HIV status, health worker status, travel history, hospitalization, ICU, and death.
Case profiles | |||
As of 31 Mar 2024 | |||
Reported values | Unknown or Missing Value | ||
---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | ||
Men who have sex with men | 29,560 (85.5%) | 5,021 (14.5%) | 56,702 |
Persons living with HIV | 18,335 (51.9%) | 16,981 (48.1%) | 55,967 |
Health worker | 1,270 (4.0%) | 30,153 (96.0%) | 59,860 |
Travel History | 3,945 (15.2%) | 22,027 (84.8%) | 65,311 |
Sexual Transmission | 18,419 (83.4%) | 3,676 (16.6%) | 69,188 |
Hospitalized1 | 5,785 (10.9%) | 47,330 (89.1%) | 38,168 |
ICU | 48 (0.3%) | 15,025 (99.7%) | 76,210 |
Died | 144 (0.3%) | 55,133 (99.7%) | 36,006 |
1 May be hospitalized for isolation or medical treatment |
Note different x-axis scales.
Note that some cases represented below may be hospitalized for isolation rather than treatment purposes.
Transmission data were available for 22 096/91 290 (24.2%) of cases.
Transmission can occur during sex via skin-to-skin contact as well as via bodily fluids. While skin-to-skin contact with lesions remains an important transmission route, monkeypox virus has been isolated from semen samples and rectal swabs from confirmed cases. Note that person to person contact excludes known sexual, healthcare-associated, and mother to child transmission.
Exposure setting data were available for 7 835/91 290 (8.6%) of cases.
Note that multiple exposure settings can be attributed to a single case. Here, differentiation between party settings and large events is determined by size of the event, although there is no formal size threshold to distinguish the two.
The following outputs apply to cases with sexual behaviour reported as other than men who have sex with men. As above, note that reported sexual behaviour does not necessarily reflect persons who the case has had recent sexual history with nor does it imply sexual activity. Up until this point in time, the multi-country mpox outbreak has been overwhelmingly concentrated in sexual networks of men who have sex with men. For this reason, understanding events in which individuals having other sexual behaviours have acquired mpox is important to monitor potential of sustained spillover into the general population.
78.9% (3 949/5 003) of cases with available data are male; the median age is 33 years (IQR: 27-41).
Males between 18-44 years old account for 64.2% of cases.
Among those with known HIV status 28.9% (1 125/3 894) were people living with HIV. Note that information on HIV status is not available for the majority of cases.
128 cases were reported to be health workers. However, most were exposed in the community.
Of all reported types of transmission, sexual encounter was reported most commonly, with 997 of 1 575 (63.3%) of all reported transmission events.
Of all settings in which cases were likely exposed, the most common was in households, with 158 of 434 (36.4%) of all likely exposure categories.
Note that the proportions shown below should be interpreted with caution. In some cases, a variable may be more likely to be filled in if the answer is yes than if the answer is no. This is most likely to be true for variables such as HIV status, health worker status, travel history, hospitalization, ICU, and death.
Case profiles (excluding men who have sex with men) | |||
As of 31 Mar 2024 | |||
Reported values | Unknown or Missing Value | ||
---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | ||
Men who have sex with men | 0 | 5,021 (100.0%) | 0 |
Persons living with HIV | 1,125 (28.9%) | 2,769 (71.1%) | 1,127 |
Health worker | 128 (7.5%) | 1,574 (92.5%) | 3,319 |
Travel History | 315 (11.6%) | 2,408 (88.4%) | 2,298 |
Sexual Transmission | 997 (63.3%) | 578 (36.7%) | 3,446 |
Hospitalized1 | 407 (16.2%) | 2,113 (83.8%) | 2,501 |
ICU | 13 (1.0%) | 1,226 (99.0%) | 3,782 |
Died | 10 (0.4%) | 2,763 (99.6%) | 2,248 |
1 May be hospitalized for isolation or medical treatment |
Transmission data were available for 1 575/5 021 (31.4%) of cases.
Transmission can occur during sex via skin-to-skin contact as well as via bodily fluids. While skin-to-skin contact with lesions remains an important transmission route, monkeypox virus has been isolated from semen samples and rectal swabs from confirmed cases. Note that person to person contact excludes known sexual, healthcare-associated, and mother to child transmission.
Exposure setting data were available for 489/5 021 (9.7%) of cases that were not men who have sex with men.
Note that multiple exposure settings can be attributed to a single case. Here, differentiation between party settings and large events is determined by size of the event, although there is no formal size threshold to distinguish the two.
This section of the report pertains specifically to the most recent six months of the outbreak, and case report forms that were reported in that time period (01 Oct 2023 - 31 Mar 2024).
In the last six months:
Of all cases with available information, 99% (1 667 / 1 692) of cases were male, and 96% (1 030 / 1 072) reported being as men who have sex with men.
Of all reported types of transmission, a sexual encounter was reported most commonly, with 692 of 723 (95.7%) of all reported transmission events.
Note that the proportions shown below should be interpreted with caution. In some cases, a variable may be more likely to be filled in if the answer is yes than if the answer is no. This is most likely to be true for variables such as HIV status, health worker status, travel history, hospitalization, ICU, and death.
Case profiles | |||
From 01 Oct to 23 Apr 2024 | |||
Reported values | Unknown or Missing Value | ||
---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | ||
Men who have sex with men | 1,030 (96.1%) | 42 (3.9%) | 624 |
Persons living with HIV | 481 (48.3%) | 514 (51.7%) | 701 |
Health worker | 17 (2.5%) | 670 (97.5%) | 1,009 |
Travel History | 138 (12.5%) | 965 (87.5%) | 593 |
Sexual Transmission | 692 (95.7%) | 31 (4.3%) | 973 |
Hospitalized1 | 123 (15.3%) | 682 (84.7%) | 891 |
ICU | 0 | 364 (100.0%) | 1,332 |
Died | 3 (0.4%) | 672 (99.6%) | 1,021 |
1 May be hospitalized for isolation or medical treatment |
Transmission data were available for 723/1 696 (42.6%) of cases.
Transmission can occur during sex via skin-to-skin contact as well as via bodily fluids. While skin-to-skin contact with lesions remains an important transmission route, monkeypox virus has been isolated from semen samples and rectal swabs from confirmed cases. Note that person to person contact excludes known sexual, healthcare-associated, and mother to child transmission.
Although most cases in current outbreaks have presented with mild disease symptoms, monkeypox virus (MPXV) may cause severe disease in certain population groups (young children, pregnant women, immunosuppressed persons).
Among the cases who reported at least one symptom, the most common symptom is any rash and is reported in 90% of cases with at least one reported symptom. Note that identifying true denominators for symptomatology is difficult due to a general lack of negative reporting and symptom definitions that may vary between countries’ reporting systems.
A bar chart and table showing symptoms is shown below. Here any rash refers to one or more rash symptoms (systemic, oral, genital, or unknown location), and any lymphadenopathy refers to either general or local lymphadenopathy. Systemic rash included rash on the body, excluding mucosal and genital rash. Symptom information is shown for all cases where information was available reported from January 2022.
Summary of symptoms | |||
As of 31 Mar 2024 | |||
All | Male | Female | |
---|---|---|---|
Any rash | 32,338 (89.8%) | 31,018 (90.3%) | 1,154 (84.2%) |
Fever | 20,970 (58.3%) | 20,108 (58.5%) | 692 (50.5%) |
Systemic rash | 19,679 (54.7%) | 18,684 (54.4%) | 962 (70.2%) |
Genital rash | 17,837 (49.6%) | 17,314 (50.4%) | 389 (28.4%) |
Any lymphadenopathy | 10,787 (30.0%) | 10,498 (30.6%) | 227 (16.6%) |
Headache | 10,456 (29.0%) | 9,893 (28.8%) | 513 (37.4%) |
Muscle ache | 9,411 (26.1%) | 9,000 (26.2%) | 399 (29.1%) |
General lymphadenopathy | 8,288 (23.0%) | 8,081 (23.5%) | 147 (10.7%) |
Fatigue | 6,469 (18.0%) | 6,311 (18.4%) | 152 (11.1%) |
Local lymphadenopathy | 5,813 (16.1%) | 5,680 (16.5%) | 132 (9.6%) |
Sore throat | 4,749 (13.2%) | 4,480 (13.0%) | 218 (15.9%) |
Rash, unknown location | 3,442 (9.6%) | 3,417 (9.9%) | 23 (1.7%) |
Oral rash | 2,878 (8.0%) | 2,783 (8.1%) | 83 (6.1%) |
Chills | 2,680 (7.4%) | 2,525 (7.4%) | 121 (8.8%) |
Cough | 870 (2.4%) | 798 (2.3%) | 56 (4.2%) |
Vomiting | 765 (2.1%) | 711 (2.1%) | 52 (3.8%) |
Lymphadenopathy, location unknown | 464 (1.3%) | 450 (1.3%) | 14 (1.0%) |
Anogenital pain and/or bleeding | 368 (1.0%) | 363 (1.1%) | 5 (0.4%) |
Other | 254 (0.7%) | 249 (0.7%) | 5 (0.4%) |
Asymptomatic | 249 (0.7%) | 226 (0.7%) | 17 (1.2%) |
Conjunctivitis | 202 (0.6%) | 186 (0.5%) | 14 (1.0%) |
Diarrhea | 113 (0.3%) | 91 (0.3%) | 2 (0.1%) |
Genital oedema | 41 (0.1%) | 40 (0.1%) | 0 |
This section specifically focuses on countries in the WHO African region, in order to highlight any differences in epidemiology between this region and others regarding the ongoing 2022-24 mpox outbreak. Historically, the sexual component of transmission in the region has been thought to contribute less to human to human transmission of mpox than has been observed in the ongoing global outbreak. It should also be noted that there is limited testing capacity for mpox in much of the region, which has led to underascertainment of mpox cases.
As of 31 March 2024, there have been 2,920 confirmed cases of mpox reported in the region and 23 deaths. These represent 3% of global cases and 12% of global deaths, respectively. In addition, 672 (23% of all cases) detailed cases have been reported to WHO.
Of those cases with detailed data:
359 male cases (53.4%) and 313 female cases (46.6%) have been reported
The median age is 17 (IQR: 7 - 32).
Of the 672 cases where age was available, there were 339 (50.4% of total) cases reported aged 0-17, out of which 119 (17.7% of total) were aged 0-4.
There are currently no case based data for which transmission or exposure setting details are available
Regional trends are shown below:
Epidemic curve shown by month for cases from the African region reported up to 31 Mar 2024 to avoid showing incomplete months of data.
Epidemic curve shown by month for deaths from the African region reported up to 31 Mar 2024 to avoid showing incomplete months of data.
The Democratic Republic of the Congo reported the first ever mpox cases in humans in 19701. Since then, the country has continued to report mpox cases over time2. In 2023 and 2024, there has been a significant increase in the number of mpox cases and deaths with a wider geographical spread, though the reasons behind this remain unclear3,4. Historically, the country has only reported MPXV clade I and until now no confirmed case of MPXV clade IIb, which is dominant in the current global outbreak, have been detected in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In April 2023 transmission through sexual contact of MPXV clade I was documented for the first time in the country,3 and transmission through sexual contact continue to be reported4.
Due to limited testing capacities, only approximately 16% of suspected cases in 2024 have been tested by PCR; the test positivity rate at the national level was around 66%. The untested cases remain classified as suspected cases based on signs and symptoms compatible with mpox.
In this section, WHO presents a recent update on suspected mpox cases and related deaths in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. From 1 January 2022 through the end of March 2024, the country reported 25 166 suspected mpox cases and 1202 suspected mpox deaths (only 2024: 4850 suspected cases and 312 suspected deaths). Among the 2024 cases, 520 were laboratory-confirmed. During this period, more than 70% of suspected cases and around 85% of suspected deaths in the country are among children under 15 years of age. These data underscore the need for enhanced surveillance and support in the country to better understand and manage the outbreak.
Breman JG, Kalisa-Ruti, Steniowski M V., Zanotto E, Gromyko AI, Arita I. Human monkeypox, 1970-79. Bull World Health Organ 1980; 58: 165
World Health Organization (WHO). Epidemiology of human monkeypox (mpox) – worldwide, 2018–2021 – Épidémiologie de la variole simienne chez l’humain – dans le monde, 2018-2021. 2023.
World Health Organization (WHO). (2023, November 23). Mpox (monkeypox) - Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Ministère de la Santé Publique, Hygiène et Prévention. La variole simienne (monkeypox) en République démocratique du Congo: Rapport de la Situation Epidemiologique Sitrep Nº005 (du 18 - 24 mars 2024).
Sequence alignment and visualisation of sequences available on NCBI Genbank is regularly carried out by Nextstrain, using both historical sequences and sequences associated with the 2022-24 multi-country mpox outbreak. On 12 August 2022, after reaching consensus among scientists from different fields and from different countries, WHO decided to rename the MPXV clades from the Congo Basin clade as Clade one (I) and the West African clade as Clade two (II). Additionally, it was agreed that the Clade II consists of two subclades, Clade IIa and Clade IIb.
The following visualisations are derived from Nextstrain alignments of Genbank data under the mpxv dataset. Further details on methods and interactive visualisation can be found on the Nextclade website and GitHub. Phylogenetic trees were visualised in R with the ggtree and treeio packages. As of 26 Jul 2023, a total of 749 sequences were visualised. Note that these data do not include data submitted to GISAID, the other major platform for sharing mpox genomic data.
At present, all sequences in the ongoing 2022-24 global mpox outbreak are associated with Clade IIb. Among these, the vast majority have been associated with the B.1 lineage of Clade IIb. Despite this, a number of sequences have been associated with the related A.2 lineage. Currently, the similarities between the sequences uploaded from different areas of the world suggest that the ongoing outbreak does not involve multiple zoonotic spillover events, and transmission is sustained through human-to-human transmission. In order to understand when sustained human to human transmission started, it is critical to analyse the diversity of sequences from the period prior to the current outbreak in countries that experienced continuous circulation of monkeypox virus.
Click on image to expand
Click on image to expand
In order to promote a better understanding of the dynamics of the mpox outbreak and to support forecasting work, in 2022, WHO undertook an effort to extract epidemiological parameters (incubation period, serival interval and generation interval) from the literature. The initial literature screening was performed and maintained by the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC). The overall search strategy was as follows:
The tables below provide an overview of the most relevant estimates for incubation period and generation interval extracted from the literature where the following criteria are met:
The epidemic parameter tables are no longer updated, as the literature screening is no longer carried out.
Incubation Period | ||||||||||
As of 19 Jan 2023 | ||||||||||
Reference | N | Mean1 | 95% CrI (mean)1 | 95% CI (mean)1 | SD1 | Median1 | 95% CrI (median)1 | IQR1 | Range1 | Distribution |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Miura et al. [1] | 18 | 8.5 | 6.6 - 10.9 | - | - | - | - | - | - | Log-normal |
Charniga et al. [2] | 40 | 7.6 | 6.2 - 9.7 | - | 1.8 | 6.4 | 5.1 - 7.9 | - | - | Log-normal |
Rodríguez et al. [3] | 45 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Thornhill et al. [4] | 23 | - | - | - | - | 7.0 | - | - | 3 - 20 | - |
Català et al. [5] | 77 | - | - | - | - | 6.0 | - | - | 4 - 9 | - |
Tarín-Vicente et al. [6] | 144 | - | - | - | - | 7.0 | - | 5 - 10 | 1 - 19 | - |
Guzzetta et al. [7] | 30 | 9.1 | - | 6.5 - 10.9 | - | - | - | - | - | Gamma |
Mailhe et al. [8] | 112 | - | - | - | - | 6.0 | - | 3 - 8 | - | - |
Moschese et al. [9] | 16 | - | - | - | - | 11.0 | - | 11 - 16 | - | - |
Gomez-Garberi et al. [10] | 14 | - | - | - | - | 13.0 | - | - | 3 - 30 | - |
O'Laughlin et al. [11] | 527 | 7.0 | - | - | - | - | - | 4 - 9 | - | - |
Angelo et al. [12] | 78 | - | - | - | - | 8.0 | - | 5 - 11 | 2 - 40 | - |
Madewell et al. [14] | 35 | 5.6 | 4.3 - 7.8 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Ward et al. [15] | 54 | 7.8 | 6.6 - 9.2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | Weibull |
Besombes et al. [16] | 29 | - | - | - | - | 7.0 | - | 1 - 13 | 0 - 17 | - |
Kröger et al. [17] | 209 | 8.2 | - | - | 4.7 | - | - | - | - | Log-normal |
Source: PHAC | ||||||||||
1 Units are in days |
Serial Interval | |||||||
As of 19 Jan 2023 | |||||||
Reference | N | Mean1 | 95% CrI (mean)1 | SD1 | Median1 | 95% CrI (median)1 | Distribution |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Guo et al. [13] | 21 | 5.6 | 1.7 - 10.4 | 1.5 | 5.5 | 1.4 - 10.4 | - |
Madewell et al. [14] | 57 | 8.5 | 7.3 - 9.9 | - | - | - | Gamma |
Ward et al. [15] | 79 | 9.5 | 7.4 - 12.3 | - | - | - | Gamma |
Miura et al. [18] | 34 | 9.4 | - | 6.2 | - | - | Normal |
Source: PHAC | |||||||
1 Units are in days |
Generation Interval | ||||
As of 19 Jan 2023 | ||||
Reference | N | Mean1 | 95% CrI1 | Distribution |
---|---|---|---|---|
Guzzetta et al. [7] | 16 | 12.5 | 7.5 - 17.3 | Gamma |
Source: PHAC | ||||
1 Units are in days |
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Monkeypox Virus Infection in Humans across 16 Countries - April-June 2022 ( 933) N Engl J Med . Thornhill, J. P., Barkati, S., Walmsley, S., Rockstroh, J., Antinori, A., Harrison, L. B., Palich, R., Nori, A., Reeves, I., Habibi, M. S., Apea, V., Boesecke, C., Vandekerckhove, L., Yakubovsky, M., Sendagorta, E., Blanco, J. L., Florence, E., Moschese, D., Maltez, F. M., Goorhuis, A., Pourcher, V., Migaud, P., Noe, S., Pintado, C., Maggi, F., Hansen, A. E., Hoffmann, C., Lezama, J. I., Mussini, C., Cattelan, A., Makofane, K., Tan, D., Nozza, S., Nemeth, J., Klein, M. B., Orkin, C. M.. 2022/07/23 (2022): #pages#–> 10.1056/NEJMoa2207323 ; #URL#
Monkeypox outbreak in Spain: clinical and epidemiological findings in a prospective cross-sectional study of 185 cases ( 1008) Br J Dermatol . Català, A., Clavo Escribano, P., Riera, J., Martín-Ezquerra, G., Fernandez-Gonzalez, P., Revelles Peñas, L., Simón Gozalbo, A., Rodríguez-Cuadrado, F. J., Guilera Castells, V., De la Torre Gomar, F. J., Comunión Artieda, A., Fuertes de Vega, L., Blanco, J. L., Puig, S., García Miñarro Á, M., Fiz Benito, E., Muñoz-Santos, C., Repiso-Jiménez, J. B., Ceballos-Rodriguez, C., García Rodríguez, V., Castaño Fernández, J. L., Sánchez-Gutiérrez, I., Calvo López, R., Berna-Rico, E., de Nicolás-Ruanes, B., Corella Vicente, F., Tarín Vicente, E. J., Fernández de la Fuente, L., Riera-Martí, N., Descalzo-Gallego, M., Grau-Perez, M., García-Doval, I., Fuertes, I.. 2022/08/03 (2022): #pages#–> 10.1111/bjd.21790 ; #URL#
Clinical presentation and virological assessment of confirmed human monkeypox virus cases in Spain: a prospective observational cohort study ( 1074) Lancet . Tarín-Vicente, E. J., Alemany, A., Agud-Dios, M., Ubals, M., Suñer, C., Antón, A., Arando, M., Arroyo-Andrés, J., Calderón-Lozano, L., Casañ, C., Cabrera, J. M., Coll, P., Descalzo, V., Folgueira, M. D., García-Pérez, J. N., Gil-Cruz, E., González-Rodríguez, B., Gutiérrez-Collar, C., Hernández-Rodríguez, Á., López-Roa, P., de Los Ángeles Meléndez, M., Montero-Menárguez, J., Muñoz-Gallego, I., Palencia-Pérez, S. I., Paredes, R., Pérez-Rivilla, A., Piñana, M., Prat, N., Ramirez, A., Rivero, Á., Rubio-Muñiz, C. A., Vall, M., Acosta-Velásquez, K. S., Wang, A., Galván-Casas, C., Marks, M., Ortiz-Romero, P., Mitjà, O.. 2022/08/12 (2022): #pages#–> 10.1016/s0140-6736(22)01436-2 ; #URL#
Early Estimates of Monkeypox Incubation Period, Generation Time, and Reproduction Number, Italy, May-June 2022 ( 1189) Emerg Infect Dis . Guzzetta, G., Mammone, A., Ferraro, F., Caraglia, A., Rapiti, A., Marziano, V., Poletti, P., Cereda, D., Vairo, F., Mattei, G., Maraglino, F., Rezza, G., Merler, S.. 28,2022/08/23 (2022): #pages#–> 10.3201/eid2810.221126 ; https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/28/10/22-1126_article
Clinical characteristics of ambulatory and hospitalised patients with monkeypox virus infection: an observational cohort study ( 1238) Clin Microbiol Infect . Mailhe, M., Beaumont, A. L., Thy, M., Le Pluart, D., Perrineau, S., Houhou-Fidouh, N., Deconinck, L., Bertin, C., Ferré, V. M., Cortier, M., C.,De La Porte Des Vaux,, Phung, B. C., Mollo, B., Cresta, M., Bouscarat, F., Choquet, C., Descamps, D., Ghosn, J., Lescure, F. X., Yazdanpanah, Y., Joly, V., Peiffer-Smadja, N.. 2022/08/27 (2022): #pages#–> 10.1016/j.cmi.2022.08.012 ; #URL#
Natural history of Human Monkeypox in individuals attending a sexual health clinic in Milan, Italy ( 1262) J Infect . Moschese, D., Pozza, G., Giacomelli, A., Mileto, D., Cossu, M. V., Beltrami, M., Rizzo, A., Gismondo, M. R., Rizzardini, G., Antinori, S.. 2022/08/26 (2022): #pages#–> 10.1016/j.jinf.2022.08.019 ; #URL#
Genitourinary Lesions Due to Monkeypox ( 1440) Eur Urol . Gomez-Garberi, M., Sarrio-Sanz, P., Martinez-Cayuelas, L., Delgado-Sanchez, E., Bernabeu-Cabezas, S., Peris-Garcia, J., Sanchez-Caballero, L., Nakdali-Kassab, B., Egea-Sancho, C., Olarte-Barragan, E., Ortiz-Gorraiz, M.. 2022/09/13 (2022): #pages#–> 10.1016/j.eururo.2022.08.034 ; #URL#
Clinical Use of Tecovirimat (Tpoxx) for Treatment of Monkeypox Under an Investigational New Drug Protocol - United States, May-August 2022 ( 1486) MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep . O’Laughlin, K., Tobolowsky, F. A., Elmor, R., Overton, R., O’Connor, S. M., Damon, I. K., Petersen, B. W., Rao, A. K., Chatham-Stephens, K., Yu, P., Yu, Y.. 71,2022/09/16 (2022): 1190–> 10.15585/mmwr.mm7137e1 ; #URL#
Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with monkeypox in the GeoSentinel Network: a cross-sectional study ( 1748) Lancet Infect Dis . Angelo, K. M., Smith, T., Camprubí-Ferrer, D., Balerdi-Sarasola, L., Díaz Menéndez, M., Servera-Negre, G., Barkati, S., Duvignaud, A., Huber, K. L. B., Chakravarti, A., Bottieau, E., Greenaway, C., Grobusch, M. P., Mendes Pedro, D., Asgeirsson, H., Popescu, C. P., Martin, C., Licitra, C., de Frey, A., Schwartz, E., Beadsworth, M., Lloveras, S., Larsen, C. S., Guagliardo, S. A. J., Whitehill, F., Huits, R., Hamer, D. H., Kozarsky, P., Libman, M.. 2022/10/11 (2022): #pages#–> 10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00651-x ; #URL#
Estimation of the serial interval of monkeypox during the early outbreak in 2022 ( 1895) J Med Virol . Guo, Z., Zhao, S., Sun, S., He, D., Chong, K. C., Yeoh, E. K.. 2022/10/23 (2022): #pages#–> 10.1002/jmv.28248 ; #URL#
Serial interval and incubation period estimates of monkeypox virus infection in 12 U.S. jurisdictions, May - August 2022 ( 2007) medRxiv . Madewell, Zachary, Charniga, Kelly, Masters, Nina, Asher, Jason, Fahrenwald, Lily, Still, William, Chen, Judy, Kipperman, Naama, Bui, David, Shea, Meghan, Saathoff-Huber, Lori, Johnson, Shannon, Harbi, Khalil, Berns, Abby, Perez, Taidy, Gateley, Emily, Spicknall, Ian, Nakazawa, Yoshinori, Gift, Thomas. #volume# (2022): #pages#–> 10.1101/2022.10.26.22281516 ; http://europepmc.org/abstract/PPR/PPR564657 https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.10.26.22281516
Transmission dynamics of monkeypox in the United Kingdom: contact tracing study ( 2069) Bmj . Ward, T., Christie, R., Paton, R. S., Cumming, F., Overton, C. E.. 379,2022/11/03 (2022): e073153–> 10.1136/bmj-2022-073153 ; #URL#
National Monkeypox Surveillance, Central African Republic, 2001-2021 ( 2104) Emerg Infect Dis . Besombes, C., Mbrenga, F., Schaeffer, L., Malaka, C., Gonofio, E., Landier, J., Vickos, U., Konamna, X., Selekon, B., Dankpea, J. N., Von Platen, C., Houndjahoue, F. G., Ouaïmon, D. S., Hassanin, A., Berthet, N., Manuguerra, J. C., Gessain, A., Fontanet, A., Yandoko, E. N.. 28,2022/11/04 (2022): #pages#–> 10.3201/eid2812.220897 ; https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/28/12/22-0897_article
Monkeypox outbreak 2022 – an overview of all cases reported to the Cologne Health Department ( 2181) Research Square . Kröger, Sophia Toya, Lehmann, Max Christian, Treutlein, Melanie, Fiethe, Achim, Kossow, Annelene, Küfer-Weiß, Annika, Nießen, Johannes, Grüne, Barbara. #volume# (2022): #pages#–> 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2251751/v1 ; http://europepmc.org/abstract/PPR/PPR570380 https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2251751/v1
Time scales of human monkeypox transmission in the Netherlands ( 2405) medRxiv . Miura, Fuminari, Backer, Jantien, van Rijckevorsel, Gini, Bavalia, Roisin, Raven, Stijn, Petrignani, Mariska, Ainslie, Kylie E. C., Wallinga, Jacco. #volume# (2022): #pages#–> 10.1101/2022.12.03.22283056 ; http://europepmc.org/abstract/PPR/PPR579534 https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.12.03.22283056
With reporting frequencies declining, and with new WHO guidance specifying monthly reporting intervals, it is no longer reliable to present cases by week of report. However, in an effort to retain data availability, we present a record of the acute phase of the 2022-2024 outbreak by reporting week. While the end of the acute phase of the outbreak is not explicitly defined, we present data from 1 January 2022 to 14 April 2023, which corresponds to the week when mpox was no longer considered to be a public health emergency of international concern.
Regional trends are shown below:
Epidemic curve shown by month for cases reported up to 14 April 2023.
Epidemic curve shown by month for deaths reported up to 14 April 2023.
Epidemic curve shown by month for cases reported up to 14 April 2023. Note different y-axis scales.
The WHO 2022-24 mpox global trends report aims to provide frequently updated data visualizations. Caution must be taken when interpreting all data presented, and differences between information products published by WHO, national public health authorities, and other sources using different inclusion criteria and different data cut-off times are to be expected. While steps are taken to ensure accuracy and reliability, all data are subject to continuous verification and change. All counts are subject to variations in case detection, definitions, laboratory testing, and reporting strategies between countries, states and territories.
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Suggested citation: 2022-24 Mpox Outbreak: Global Trends. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2024. Available online: https://worldhealthorg.shinyapps.io/mpx_global/ (last cited: [date]).
We gratefully acknowledge the input of national public health staff involved in surveillance activities and data submission to WHO, the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) for the provision of surveillance data collected via the TESSy platform, as well as external partners who contributed additional insights and contextual information on the data.