According to Dr. Jon Saphier from Research for Better Teaching, there are two principles of learning that underscore the importance of summarizing at the conclusion of a learning experience: Sequence and Say-Do.
Sequence:
Closure for Students by the TEACHER
Learning is structured so that key points are emphasized at the beginning and end of the lesson, where students are more likely to retain them. Important ideas should be introduced early, revisited throughout, and reinforced at the end through summarization. This structure increases retention and ensures students grasp the essential concepts.
Teacher Actions:
Start the Lesson with Purpose: Clearly state the lesson objective at the beginning, so students know what they will be learning and why it matters.
Use Strategic Transitions: Guide students through the lesson in a logical order, connecting new content to what was previously taught.
Implement Effective Closure: Protect the last few minutes of the lesson for summarizing. Have students revisit the objective through brief reflections, summarizing key points, or sharing what they learned to reinforce retention.
Say-Do:
Closure for Students by the STUDENT
After learning a concept, students should immediately apply it through activities like summarizing, problem-solving, or discussions to deepen their understanding. The Say-Do principle emphasizes active learning, where students transition from passive absorption (reading, hearing, or seeing) to reconstructive learning (saying and doing), significantly increasing retention.
Effect on Retention
10% Read it
20% Hear it
30% See it
50% Hear & See
70% Read or Hear or See & Say it
90% Read or Hear or See & Say & Say & Do
Teacher Tip:
Engage students immediately after introducing new content by having them discuss, solve problems, or explain in their own words.