Case On Point
United States v. Heppner
(U.S. D. Ct. for the S.D.N.Y. 2026)
Defendant Claude Heppner, anticipating that he would be criminally indicted for alleged misconduct as a corporate executive, consulted with Claude, an artificial intelligence platform to develop various potential strategies and arguments to present to and discuss with his attorney. When the FBI executed a search warrant at Heppner's home, they seized documents and electronic devices, including the exchanges with Claude. Heppner claimed that these exchanges were covered by the attorney client and work product privileges and therefore not discoverable.
The Court disagreed. It observed that the attorney-client privilege only applied to confidential communications between client and attorney for the purpose of obtaining or providing legal advice. These communications did not satisfy this test:
- Under Claude's terms of use, the communications were not confidential but could be disclosed or used for other purposes; and
- The communications were not with an attorney.
The Court also rejected application of the work product privilege protecting documents prepared by or for counsel in anticipation of litigation and containing or reflecting the attorney's thought processes. These documents were not prepared by or for counsel, who was not aware of the client's communications with Claude, and did not reflect the attorney's thought processes.