View this email online.

Spring 2025

Divya Bijukumar, PhD, assistant professor in the Department of Biomedical Sciences and director of Blazer Foundation of Rockford Nanomedicine Laboratory

Like a food delivery service brings dinner to a hungry person’s door, Rockford researchers are looking for a new way to essentially Door Dash the pain-relieving and inflammation-reducing benefits of broccoli directly to inflamed tissues in the body.

Divya Bijukumar, PhD, assistant professor in the Department of Biomedical Sciences at the University of Illinois College of Medicine Rockford and director of its Blazer Foundation of Rockford Nanomedicine Laboratory, is collaborating with Katherine Warpeha, PhD, an associate professor in the Department of Biological Sciences in the University of Illinois Chicago College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, to develop a broccoli seedlings-derived nanomedicine to reduce pain and inflammation.

Nanomedicines use microscopic drug delivery systems that are showing promise for treating diseases with more precise targeting and fewer side effects than classical drugs.

Inflammation precedes and coincides with diseases and injuries, with more than 90% of non-communicable diseases exhibiting inflammation symptoms that cause pain, discomfort and tissue dysfunction. Pain and inflammation conditions affect more than half of the US population and are problems worldwide, yet effective treatment options without side effects are limited.

Dr. Warpeha and researchers in her lab found a broccoli seedlings-derived phenylproponoid extract that reduces negative pro-inflammatory chemicals and increases positive anti-inflammatory responses. However, delivering this extract to areas in the body where it was needed before it broke down was challenging. Dr. Bijukumar and her research team identified a new delivery method that can improve the stability of the broccoli extract in the body.

Dr. Bijukumar’s method relies on tiny vesicles found on cell membranes, called exosomes, to carry the medicine, which prevents elimination from blood circulation and off-target effects. Due to their biological origin, exosomes create less immune response.

“By encapsulating the drug in exosomes, the stability of the extract at physiological conditions is two times higher than free extract,” explains Dr. Bijukumar. That means it is more likely to reach targeted areas to relieve pain and inflammation. Other advantages of the drug developed by the researchers include that it is inexpensive to obtain, can be mass-produced, and has a fairly long shelf-life.

This patented technology is now in small animal studies and the research has been presented at two international conferences: the Society of Biomaterials and Orthopaedic Research Society. A manuscript is currently under review in a peer-reviewed journal for publication.

This research gives hope for a more effective treatment for the millions of people with cancer, injuries and autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, which is an characterized by joint inflammation and affects approximately 1.3 million people in the US. The team is also moving forward to see the effectiveness in systemic sclerosis, a rare connective tissue disorder in which inflammation is a key factor and no treatment options are available.

Kristine Zimmermann, PhD, MPH, an assistant professor in the Department of Family and Community Medicine’s Division of Health Research and Evaluation

Healthcare providers in rural communities play a key role in mitigating COVID infection and its effects, especially in rural birthing persons, according to research led by Kristine Zimmermann, PhD, MPH, an assistant professor in the Department of Family and Community Medicine’s Division of Health Research and Evaluation (HRE).

Dr. Zimmerman, along with a team of medical and public health students, conducted a mixed-methods study on physical activity behavior in rural birthing persons that was supported by a KL2 training grant from the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health. The study was expanded early on to include an investigation on COVID-related experiences, perceptions and behaviors. While conducting the initial interviews for her study, Dr. Zimmermann observed that interview participants — pregnant women living in rural Illinois communities — frequently discussed COVID vaccination and vaccine hesitancy. Following a convergent parallel mixed methods design, Dr. Zimmermann adjusted her survey instrument and interview guide to elicit more detailed information about the topic from subsequent study participants.

“COVID infection during pregnancy can lead to serious maternal complications and adverse birth outcomes, including premature delivery, pregnancy loss and stillbirth,” says Dr. Zimmerman. “While COVID vaccination is safe and recommended, including during pregnancy, vaccine hesitancy can lead to low vaccine uptake.”

Among the 35 survey participants, 46% reported never being vaccinated for COVID. The most common reasons for not being vaccinated were concerns about side effects for themselves (67%) or their baby (67%), and concern that the vaccine was developed too quickly (47%). Furthermore, while 53% of survey respondents reported that their healthcare provider discussed the COVID vaccine with them during pregnancy, only 35% of providers recommended the vaccine, and only 26% offered the vaccine. Finally, among survey respondents, only 24% percent indicated their provider discussed the health risks of COVID infection during pregnancy.

In follow-up interviews with survey participants, Dr. Zimmermann and her team asked interview participants about COVID vaccination as a way to contextualize survey responses. After completion of interviews, under Dr. Zimmermann’s guidance, medical students Tiffany Chang, Allie Herron and Shruthi Mekala, along with HRE research associate Emily Orr, engaged in “template analysis” to analyze transcripts from 15 interviews conducted in 2022-2023. Template analysis is a rapid qualitative analysis approach that uses a structured process in which data are summarized within pre-determined domains, and comparisons are made across summaries to identify themes.  

The team identified two themes from the analysis:

COVID remains a persistent public health threat, with particular risks for pregnant persons. Healthcare providers in rural communities play a key role in mitigating COVID infection and its effects.

In addition to team members acknowledged in the article, we wish to thank the following for their efforts on the study: medical students Olivia Barbee, Madison Purvis, Danielle Rossell and Lucas Jurasek; Allissa Desloge of University of North Carolina-Charlotte;and Lisa Haen, UIC School of Public Health.

Rockford researchers find same-day discharge OK for most patients having catheter ablation to treat atrial fibrillation

University of Illinois College of Medicine Rockford researchers reviewed 543 cases in which patients underwent a procedure to treat an irregular heartbeat to determine if same-day discharge from the hospital was associated with unfavorable outcomes. Their study is published as The Feasibility of Same-Day Discharge After Atrial Fibrillation Ablation: A Community Hospital Experience in the December 2024 issue of the journal EPLabDigest.

Carson Florkowski, third-year medical student 

The UICOMR research team included third-year medical students Carson Florkowski and William Conroy; Director of Student Research Weihei Zhan, PhD; and Imdad Ahmed, MD, MBA, CPE, FACC, FHRS, FACP, a clinical assistant professor in the Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties and medical director of the Mercyhealth Arrhythmia Center in Rockford.

Atrial fibrillation, or Afib, is an irregular heartbeat caused by changes in the heart’s electrical system, which can lead to extreme fatigue, stroke or heart attack if left untreated. Catheter ablation is a common treatment for Afib. It allows a cardiologist to feed a long tube through a vein in the groin and use the heat from radiofrequency to create scar tissue in the pulmonary vein, which disrupts the abnormal electrical signals that cause Afib.

William Conroy, third-year medical student 

Florkowski and Conroy, both students in the Rural Medical Education Program, wanted to study the safety of same-day discharge, which is well-established in large hospital settings, to see if smaller community hospitals could reduce overnight stays for their patients without negative consequences for the patients.

“Traditionally, patients who undergo ablation in community hospitals are monitored in the hospital overnight,” explains Florkowski. “In our review of more than 500 patients who had an ablation at two community hospitals over the course of nearly four years, about half were discharged the same day as the procedure and about half were kept overnight. There was no statistical difference in adverse outcomes between the two groups.”

Small community hospitals with limited resources may benefit from more ablation patients being discharged the same day. “This may also greatly improve patient satisfaction,” says Conroy. “Patients who are stable a few hours after the procedure and who have a support person to help them at home often feel more comfortable recuperating in their own home.”

Rockford researchers recommend treatment plan for boys with rare skin disease

University of Illinois College of Medicine Rockford researchers have developed the first treatment algorithm for managing boys with a genital skin condition that, if not appropriately treated, may affect the ability to urinate and increase the likelihood of cancer developing.

The research by fourth-year medical student William Fox and Patrick H. McKenna, MD, FACS, FAAP, a professor in the UICOMR Department of Surgery and Surgical Specialties and a pediatric urologist at Mercyhealth in Rockford, was published in the Journal of Pediatric Urology.

William Fox, fourth-year medical student

The researchers reviewed published studies on lichen sclerosus, a chronic skin condition that causes patches of thin, white, wrinkly skin in the genital area. The researchers also managed seven patients aged 6 to 10 with severe cases of the condition that required surgery. Based on their research and experience, the researchers developed a flow diagram for physicians who have a high suspicion a boy has lichen sclerosis.

“This treatment algorithm can help physicians manage severe cases of lichen sclerosus in boys, based on the pathophysiology of the disease and whether or not the child is circumcised,” explains Dr. McKenna, who is board-certified in pediatric urology and is a fellow of both the American College of Surgeons and the American Academy of Pediatrics. “Depending on the progression of the disease, different medical and surgical treatments may be warranted.”

Lichen sclerosus is a rare condition that seems to be an autoimmune response, affecting about 1 in 200 males and 1 in 80 females.

“The disease is not contagious, but is challenging to treat,” says Fox. “Early diagnosis and treatment, along with proper follow-up, can help minimize the negative effects of the disease.”

Medical student's research provides platform for scholarly research of the polar regions

Third-year medical student April Oertle recently had a research article published in Polar Geography, a publication that provides a platform for scholarly research of the polar regions.

Her research project, which took more than a year to complete, is about medical evacuation in Antarctica. Oertle conducted the research with the help of Daniela Liggett, an associate professor with the University of Canterbury in Christchurch, New Zealand.

April Oertle, third year medical student 

The researchers recommend to address the pressing health care needs of Antarctica’s visitors and inhabitants, a multifaceted approach is imperative, integrating both short-term solutions and long-term planning. In the immediate context, efforts should be directed toward enhancing on-site medical facilities and personnel training to mitigate the frequency of medical evacuations.

The 30th Annual Rockford Research Day 2025 is scheduled for Friday, April 11, 2025, at the UIC Health Sciences Campus-Rockford.

The theme for this year will be A Look Back and A Look Ahead. The aim is to highlight the progress and advancements during the past 30 years of research at the Rockford campus.

The 2022 Nobel Laureate Dr. Morten Meldal will make a keynote presentation titled Molecular Click Adventures, A Journey Through An Orthogonal Chemistry Universe.

Dr. Ramaswamy Kalyanasundaram is chair for the 2025 Research Day. The head of the Department of Biomedical Sciences and the Michael L. and the Susan M. Glasser Professor of Rural Health Professions Education and Research, he leads research on vaccines against lymphatic filariasis and gene mining of schistosome and lymphatic filarial parasites. His team's work includes identifying vaccine candidates and advancing strategies for effective immunization.

Find more information on the Research Day webpage!

James Scholar Program

The James Scholar Program is an honors program where selected students are paired with faculty research mentors who guide the student’s independent research project over the course of three to four years. Students are allocated a small budget for research expenses and travel costs associated with presenting their project at a national conference. For the class of 2028, the Office of Research received seven applications. These students have completed their proposal presentations.

Walter Rice Craig Scholars completed summer research projects

Walter Rice Craig Scholars enables selected medical students to engage in research under the guidance of a UICOMR faculty member during the summer between their first and second years. All seven Walter Rice Craig scholars who participated in the summer of 2024 submitted their final reports. These seven scholars and their projects are:

Bridge Funding

Bridge funding is designed to offer short-term financial support to sustain research programs, laboratories and the momentum of productive researchers during funding gaps, giving them an opportunity to secure extramural funding. Bridge funding is available to faculty members at the College of Medicine Rockford who have established projects with a high likelihood of securing external funding. One $10,000 grant is awarded annually. The Office of Research has received one application for FY 2025, which is currently under review.

Committee on Research

The Committee on Research has seven new members. The following are current members of the Committee on Research:

Winnebago County Community Mental Health Board  awarded the University of Illinois College of Medicine Rockford a funding amount of $846,648.66 for the Compassionate Appreciation for Recovery in Everyone (CARE) Program. The program provides a fully integrated transition to care services for individuals who are incarcerated upon their return to society for medical, mental health and substance use disorders. 

The program is in conjunction with the UI Health Mile Square Health Center-L.P. Johnson Rockford and the Winnebago County Justice Center.  “We are grateful for the support of the Winnebago County Community Mental Health Board and the opportunity to serve our community in this meaningful way," said Alesia Jones, PhD, principal investigator for the CARE Program.  “With this funding, we can continue the CARE program, which is helping formerly incarcerated individuals to continue their mental health and addiction treatment services that can be life-changing upon their return to the community.”

With increasing numbers of medical students interested in engaging in research, faculty in the Division of Health Research and Evaluation (HRE) identified a need for education on developing a research question and turning it into an actionable project, particularly in clinical and community contexts.

HRE faculty and staff developed the Research Fundamentals Seminar Series for first- and second-year medical students, which included eight one-hour sessions:

Twenty-three students, many of whom indicated they had not taken a research methods course, attended the first session in October 2024 and 19 received certificates for completing six of the eight sessions. Each session’s content is also hosted on Blackboard.

Instructors for the series included HRE faculty and researchers along with Weihai Zhan, PhD, director of student research and a biostatistician; Jessica Gilles, MS, assistant director of research review and education; and Holly Hudson, MLIS, an assistant professor and regional health sciences librarian. Joseph Garry, MD, professor of clinical family medicine and chair of the Department of Family and Community Medicine, began the seminar series by explaining the importance of understanding research as a physician.

Kristine Zimmermann, PhD, MPH, assistant professor; Manorama Khare, PhD, MS, research associate professor; and Emily Orr, MA, a research associate II, are assessing the impact of the seminar series on students’ interest and confidence in various steps of the research process. Additionally, a process evaluation was conducted after each session to determine the extent to which learning objectives were met, and examine any additional feedback from students. Future evaluation plans include tracking students’ involvement in research programs and scholarly output to capture any long-term effects of participating in the seminar series.

Plans are underway to run additional iterations of the seminar series in the coming years, including with other audiences such as residents and junior faculty. For more information about the Research Fundamentals Seminar Series, contact Dr. Khare at mkhare1@uic.edu.

Kiruthika Balakrishnan, PhD, post-doctoral research associate in the National Center for Rural Health Professions

Kiruthika Balakrishnan, PhD, joined the National Center for Rural Health Professions as a post-doctoral research associate, in October 2024. Her role involves conducting research in machine learning, artificial intelligence and rural medicine to improve rural healthcare delivery. She collaborates with the nationally and internationally recognized Rural Medical Education Program (RMED). She receives mentorship and support from the UIC Center for Health Equity using Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence (CHEMA).

Dr. Balakrishnan earned doctoral and master's degrees from Anna University, India, where her research focused on investigating and analyzing electrocardiogram signals using advanced signal processing techniques to classify cardiac arrhythmias. Dr. Balakrishnan also completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Florida, where she worked on the Personalized Approach to Improve Liver Transplant Outcomes (PAILTO) project.

She is passionate about using artificial intelligence and machine learning to improve healthcare outcomes, particularly in rural areas. Her broader research interests focus on enhancing the health and well-being of rural populations through AI-driven diagnostics and predictive models. She aims to tackle critical challenges that rural healthcare systems face, such as limited access to care, workforce shortages, inadequate technological infrastructure and disparities in healthcare outcomes. By implementing AI and ML solutions, she seeks to overcome the barriers to delivering quality care to underserved communities and to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of rural healthcare services.

Beyond research roles, Dr. Balakrishnan has been actively involved in editorial services for esteemed journals, including the American Journal of Transplantation, Biomedical Journal, Future Generation Computer Systems, Informatics in Health, Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, and Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers. She has also served as a technical program committee member and reviewer for numerous national and international conferences.

Publications July 2024-December 2024

The Office of Research would like to acknowledge and congratulate the following students, staff and faculty on their most recent publications.

Nitiss KC, Bandak A, Berger JM, Nitiss JL. Genome Instability Induced by Topoisomerase Misfunction. Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Sep 24;25(19):10247. doi: 10.3390/ijms251910247. PMID: 39408578; PMCID: PMC11477040.

Himmelstein RD, Balasundaram P. High-Frequency Oscillator in the Neonate. 2024 Jun 8. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan–. PMID: 38861637.

Scharf IM, Mathis SA, Bou Zeid N, Saini D, Nahass GR, Arias E, Purnell CA, Zhao L, Patel PK, Alkureishi LWT. Rapid-printed Three-dimensional Models for Craniomaxillofacial Trauma. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2024 Nov 22;12(11):e6308. doi: 10.1097/GOX.0000000000006308. PMID: 39583783; PMCID: PMC11584223.

Oo TT. Repurposing metformin: A potential off-label indication for ischaemic stroke? Diabetes Obes Metab. 2024 Nov 27. doi: 10.1111/dom.16105. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 39604047.

Sharlin PK, Patel S, C Kuritza V, Pompey N, Gomez KD, Vakharia MR. Clinical and Visual Outcomes of Four Presbyopia Correcting Intraocular Lenses. J Ophthalmic Vis Res. 2024 Jun 21;19(2):152-160. doi: 10.18502/jovr.v19i2.11034. PMID: 39055501; PMCID: PMC11267142.

Cheung MM, Shah A. Minimizing Narcotic Use in Rhinoplasty: An Updated Narrative Review and Protocol. Life (Basel). 2024 Oct 7;14(10):1272. doi: 10.3390/life14101272. PMID: 39459572; PMCID: PMC11509072.

Bram JT, Ellsworth BK, Cirrincione PM, Nichols ET, Levine K, Adhiyaman A, Scher DM, Doyle SM, Sink EL, Dodwell ER. Parent-Derived Health State Utilities for Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip. J Pediatr Orthop. 2024 Nov-Dec 01;44(10):e915-e920. doi: 10.1097/BPO.0000000000002772. Epub 2024 Aug 22. PMID: 39169798.

Deb S, Berei J, Miliavski E, Khan MJ, Broder TJ, Akurugo TA, Lund C, Fleming SE, Hillwig R, Ross J, Puri N. The Effects of Smoking on Telomere Length, Induction of Oncogenic Stress, and Chronic Inflammatory Responses Leading to Aging. Cells. 2024 May 21;13(11):884. doi: 10.3390/cells13110884. PMID: 38891017; PMCID: PMC11172003.

Chinnapaka S, Bakthavachalam V, Dasari S, Kannan J, Sapkota S, Kumar R, Munirathinam G. Vitamin K3 derivative inhibits androgen receptor signaling in targeting aggressive prostate cancer cells. Biofactors. 2024 Sep 3. doi: 10.1002/biof.2117. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 39225404.

Barna A, Mangahas A, Husain IA. Laryngopharyngeal reflux diagnosis: Factors associated with patient satisfaction. Am J Otolaryngol. 2024 Sep-Oct;45(5):104416. doi: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2024.104416. Epub 2024 Jul 22. PMID: 39059171.

Sun Y, Shukla A, Ramachandran RA, Kanniyappan H, Yang B, Harlow R, Campbell SD, Thalji G, Mathew M. Fretting-corrosion at the Implant-Abutment Interface Simulating Clinically Relevant Conditions. Dent Mater. 2024 Nov;40(11):1823-1831. doi: 10.1016/j.dental.2024.08.007. Epub 2024 Aug 22. PMID: 39174418.

Fox W, McKenna PH. Treatment algorithm for the comprehensive management of severe lichen sclerosus in boys based on the pathophysiology of the disease. J Pediatr Urol. 2024;20 Suppl 1:S66-S73. doi: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2024.06.007. Epub 2024 Jun 11. PMID: 38918118.

Kanniyappan H, Gnanasekar V, Parise V, Debnath K, Sun Y, Thakur S, Thakur G, Perumal G, Kumar R, Wang R, Merchant A, Sriram R, Mathew MT. Harnessing extracellular vesicles-mediated signaling for enhanced bone regeneration: novel insights into scaffold design. Biomed Mater. 2024 Jul 4;19(5):10.1088/1748-605X/ad5ba9. doi: 10.1088/1748-605X/ad5ba9. PMID: 38917828; PMCID: PMC11305091.

Jackson D, Yule K, Biera A, Hawley C, Lacson J, Webb E, McGraw K, Cooper KM. "Broadening Perspectives Activities" Improve LGBTQ+ Student Experiences and Religious Students' Content Comprehension. CBE Life Sci Educ. 2024 Dec;23(4):ar49. doi: 10.1187/cbe.24-02-0052. PMID: 39453811.

Pirkle JRA, Al Khabbaz AY. Ovary and Fallopian Tube Displacement in an Adolescent Patient with a History of Omphalocele. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2024 Oct;37(5):527-529. doi: 10.1016/j.jpag.2024.06.003. Epub 2024 Jun 18. PMID: 38901668.

Zimmerman L, Nguyen M, Joyce JC. Aplasia cutis congenita in dizygotic twins exposed to methimazole. Int J Dermatol. 2024 Oct 21. doi: 10.1111/ijd.17548. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 39431463.

Chen Z, Li XJ. Targeting cholesterol trafficking to mitigate axonal degeneration in hereditary spastic paraplegia. Neural Regen Res. 2025 May 1;20(5):1397-1398. doi: 10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-24-00138. Epub 2024 Jun 3. PMID: 39075901.

Hemenway AN, Biagi M, Murrey TF, Sun J, Osei-Badu E, Salazar-McKinney A, Sanabria R, Al Zoubi M. Association of Race or Ethnicity With Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Production in Escherichia Coli: A Case Control Study. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2024 Oct 10;11(10):ofae516. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofae516. PMID: 39391100; PMCID: PMC11465405.

Adeyelu OO, Essien EN, Adebote V, Ajayi A, Essiet UU, Adeleye AI, Smith SI. Antimicrobial resistance genetic determinants and susceptibility profile of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from clinical samples in a tertiary hospital in Ogun State, Nigeria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2024 Jul 5;118(7):474-476. doi: 10.1093/trstmh/trae012. PMID: 38506281.

Pirkle JRA, Khabbaz AA. Successful Conservative Management of Second Trimester Spontaneous Abortion Complicated by Clostridial Sepsis. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2024 Aug 13:S1083-3188(24)00267-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jpag.2024.08.002. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 39147122.

Rossell D, Kim W, Manness W, Kunnathu Puthanveedu ND. Presumed tuberculosis spondylitis with sternal involvement. Radiol Case Rep. 2024 Nov 15;20(1):829-836. doi: 10.1016/j.radcr.2024.10.025. PMID: 39635426; PMCID: PMC11614787.

Jeffers M, Kanniyappan H, Cheng KY, Prithweeraj S, Perumal G, Barba M, Lin Y, Mathew MT. Toxicity risk from hip implant CoCrMo particles: The impact of dynamic flow rate on neuronal cells in microfluidic systems. Toxicol Lett. 2024 Nov 13;402:56-67. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2024.10.009. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 39542074.

Nasrollahi FS, Gutierrez DJ, Nocek J, Folami J, Ekram S, Eilbert W, Colla JS. Measurement of left atrial size as a predictor of severity of illness in sickle cell disease. Am J Emerg Med. 2024 Sep;83:126-128. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2024.07.001. Epub 2024 Jul 4. PMID: 39029279.

Nguyen TH, Shah GH, Kaur R, Muzamil M, Ikhile O, Ayangunna E. Factors Predicting In-School and Electronic Bullying among High School Students in the United States: An Analysis of the 2021 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System. Children (Basel). 2024 Jun 28;11(7):788. doi: 10.3390/children11070788. PMID: 39062237; PMCID: PMC11276582.

Valle Coto MG, Garcia Pena L, Iñiguez RX, Betancur Giraldo T, Park YS, Ortega P. Medical Student Use of Language Self-Assessment Tools to Enhance Safe Communication with Patients with Non-English Language Preference. J Gen Intern Med. 2024 Jul 8. doi: 10.1007/s11606-024-08913-5. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 38977517.

Maddali R, Alvarez-Gell C, Balasundaram P, Sakr M. Case Report of Meconium Peritonitis: A Rare Cause of Non-immune Hydrops Fetalis. Cureus. 2024 Nov 1;16(11):e72860. doi: 10.7759/cureus.72860. PMID: 39624559; PMCID: PMC11611431.

Fox W, McKenna PH. Response to the letter to the editor regarding: "Treatment algorithm for the comprehensive management of severe lichen sclerosus in boys based on the pathophysiology of the disease". J Pediatr Urol. 2024 Dec;20(6):1228. doi: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2024.09.015. Epub 2024 Sep 21. PMID: 39358125.

Office of Research
University of Illinois College of Medicine Rockford
1601 Parkview Ave., Rockford, IL 61107
email: oor_newsletter@uic.edu
web: rockford.medicine.uic.edu